Wuhan coronavirus outbreak

Genome

 * Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding - The Lancet, January 30, 2020
 * A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin - Peng Zhou … Zheng-Li Shi, Nature, February 3, 2020 (preprint)
 * Clock and TMRCA based on 27 genomes - Kristian Andersen, January 25, 2020
 * Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event - D. Paraskevis & al., January 27, 2020 (biorxiv preprint)
 * Isolation and Characterization of 2019-nCoV-like Coronavirus from Malayan Pangolins - Kangpeng Xiao & al., February 20, 2020 (biorxiv preprint)
 * The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 - Kristian G. Andersen & al., Nature Medicine, March 17, 2020 (PDF)
 * Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak - Tao Zhang & al., Cell, March 19, 2020
 * Pangolins may not have passed coronavirus on to humans, Chinese scientists say - SCMP, March 26, 2020
 * The perfect virus: two gene tweaks that turned COVID-19 into a killer - Liam Mannix, Sydney Morning Herald, March 29, 2020
 * An Infectious cDNA Clone of SARS-CoV-2 - Xuping Xie & al., Cell Host & Microbe, May 13, 2020

Furin cleavage site

 * Furin cleavage of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein enhances cell–cell fusion but does not affect virion entry - Kathryn E.Follis & al., Virology, July 5, 2006
 * ''To investigate whether proteolytic cleavage at the basic amino acid residues, were it to occur, might facilitate cell–cell fusion activity, we mutated the wild-type SARS-CoV glycoprotein to construct a prototypic furin recognition site (RRSRR) at either position.
 * A furin cleavage site was discovered in the S protein of the Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus - Xin Li & al., February 14, 2020 (preprint)
 * The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade - B.Coutard & al., Antiviral Research, Volume 176, April 2020
 * Furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus glycoprotein - Vincent Racaniello, virology blog, February 13, 2020
 * Sequence Analysis Indicates that 2019-nCoV Virus Contains a Putative Furin Cleavage Site at the Boundary of S1 and S2 Domains of Spike Protein - Z. Wo, February 18, 2020 (preprint)
 * Furin, a potential therapeutic target for COVID-19 - Canrong Wu & al., February 23, 2020 (preprint)
 * Coronavirus far more likely than Sars to bond to human cells due to HIV-like mutation, scientists say - SCMP, February 27, 2020
 * The perfect virus: two gene tweaks that turned COVID-19 into a killer - Sydney Morning Heral, March 29, 2020
 * ''RaTG13, or another very similar bat virus, has managed to pick up two tiny genetic tweaks that turned it from a bat disease into a virus perfectly adapted to make humans sick. Then it had the unbelievable misfortune to emerge in exactly the wrong place at exactly the wrong time. “It’s got this beautifully adapted set of mutations,” says Holmes. In his published work, he calls it a “perfect epidemiological storm”.

ACE2 receptor recognition

 * Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) proteins of different bat species confer variable susceptibility to SARS-CoV entry - Yuxuan Hou & al., Archives of Virology, June 22, 2010
 * SARS-like WIV1-CoV poised for human emergence - Vineet D. Menachery & al., PNAS, March 15, 2016
 * Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus - Yushun Wan & al., Journal of Virology, January 29, 2020
 * Isolation and Characterization of 2019-nCoV-like Coronavirus from Malayan Pangolins - Kangpeng Xiao & al., February 20, 2020 (preprint)
 * Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation - Daniel Wrapp & al., Science, March 13, 2020
 * Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2 - Jian Shang & al., Nature, March 30, 2020

Natural origin?

 * Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 through Recombination and Strong Purifying Selection - Xiaojun Li & al., March 24, 2020 (preprint)
 * Evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 sarbecovirus lineage responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic - Maciej F Boni & al., March 31, 2020 (preprint)
 * A Common Palindromic RNA Sequence as Unitary Contributor to Copy-choice Recombination in SARS-CoV-2- William R. Gallaher, May 13, 2020
 * Here's How Scientists Know Coronavirus Wasn't Made in a Lab - Pollly Hayes, Science Alert, July 17, 2020

Signs of artificial creation

 * ''Note: Some of the early material here has been debunked.


 * Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research Nature, November 12, 2015
 * On the Origins of the 2019-nCoV Virus, Wuhan, China - James Lyons-Weiler, January 30, 2020
 * Uncanny similarity of unique inserts in the 2019-nCoV spike protein to HIV-1 gp120 and Gag - Prashant Pradhan & al., via biorxiv, January 31, 2020 (PDF) (withdrawn)
 * No, the 2019-nCoV genome doesn’t really seem engineered from HIV - Ari Allyn-Feuer, The Prepared, January 31, 2020
 * Don’t believe the conspiracy theories you hear about coronavirus and HIV - Especially if you work for the New York Times - Dan Samorodnitsky, Massive Science, January 31, 2020
 * Thread by Trevor Bedford @trvrb on Twitter, February 1, 2020 - further debunk of crazy nCoV2019 / HIV conspiracy preprint
 * On the Oddities and Unusual Characteristics of the 2019-nCoV Virus Genomes and Their Analyses - James Lyons-Weiler, February 1, 2020
 * Moderately Strong Confirmation of a Laboratory Origin of 2019-nCoV - James Lyons-Weiler, February 2, 2020
 * New evidence emerges: Coronavirus “bioweapon” might have been a Chinese vaccine experiment gone wrong… genes contain “pShuttle-SN” sequences, proving laboratory origin - Mike Adams, February 2, 2020
 * Le coronavirus, fabriqué à partir du virus du sida ? La thèse très contestée du professeur Montagnier William Audereau, le Monde April 17, 2020
 * Lab-Made? SARS-CoV-2 Genealogy Through the Lens of Gain-of-Function Research - Yuri Deigin, April 22, 2020
 * Bret Weinstein and Yuri Deigin: Did Covid-19 leak From a Lab? - Bret Weinstein, June 8, 2020


 * RaTG13 – the undeniable evidence that the Wuhan coronavirus is man-made - Nerd Has Power, May 2, 2020
 * In silico comparison of spike protein-ACE2 binding affinities across species; significance for the possible origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus -Sakshi Piplani & al., May 13, 2020 (preprint)
 * Coronavirus may have been a 'cell-culture experiment' gone wrong - Sky News (Australia), May 24, 2020
 * Lab escape theory of SARS-CoV-2 origin gaining scientific support - Claire Robinson, GM Watch, 28 May 2020
 * A Reconstructed Historical Aetiology of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike - Angus Dalgleish & al. (To be published, see and )
 * Published paper (PDF) - Minerva, July 13, 2020
 * The most logical explanation is that it comes from a laboratory - Aksil Fridstrom, Minerva, July 2, 2020


 * Major Concerns on the Identification of Bat Coronavirus Strain RaTG13 and Quality of Related Nature Paper - Xiaoxu Lin and Shizhong Chen, Preprints, June 5, 2020
 * Revealed: Seven year coronavirus trail from mine deaths to a Wuhan lab - George Arbuthnott, Jonathan Calvert and Philip Sherwell, The Sunday Times July 4, 2020 (mirror)
 * Correction: The controversial 2015 and 2017 gain-of-function studies were done by Americans, not China, as The Sunday Times falsely claims. Shi Zhengli and WIV were only credited in the papers for providing the virus samples. The researchers producing this 2015 paper were from University of North Carolina with funding from National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Disease and the US National Institutes of Health as well as the Ecohealth Alliance under the USAID-EPT-PREDICT programme.
 * Journals censor lab origin theory for SARS-CoV-2 - Claire Robinson, GM Watch, July 16, 2020
 * Scientists outraged by Peter Daszak leading enquiry into possible Covid lab leak - GM Watch, Jonathan Matthews, September 23, 2020
 * EcoHealth Alliance orchestrated key scientists’ statement on “natural origin” of SARS-CoV-2 - Sainath Suryanarayanan, US Right to Know, November 18, 2020
 * Previous reporting from US Right to Know: Biohazards blog

Phylogenetic tree

 * ''See talk for discussion.


 * Decoding evolution and transmissions of novel pneumonia coronavirus using the whole genomic data - Yu, Wen-Bin & al., February 21, 2020 (preprint, update)
 * Phylogenetic analysis of nCoV-2019 genomes - Andrew Rambaut, February 24, 2020
 * Comparative genomic analysis revealed specific mutation pattern between human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and Bat-SARSr-CoV RaTG13 - Longxian Lv & al., March 2, 2020 (preprint)
 * Cryptic transmission of novel coronavirus revealed by genomic epidemiology - Trevor Bedford, March 2, 2020
 * On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 - Xiaolu Tang, & al., National Science Review, March 3, 2020 (PDF)
 * Most New York Coronavirus Cases Came From Europe, Genomes Show - The New York Times, April 8, 2020 (archive)
 * Phylogenetic network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes - Peter Forster & al., PNAS, April 8, 2020
 * COVID-19: genetic network analysis provides ‘snapshot’ of pandemic origins - Forster & al., University of Cambridge, April 9, 2020
 * Ancestral type of COVID-19 virus mainly found in the US: study - Global Times, April 11, 2020 (video)
 * COVID-19 U.S.: Coronavirus outbreak came from Europe flights, not China, say researchers - National Post, April 9, 2020
 * Three Strains Have Been Discovered, Is Immunity Still Possible? - Kim Iversen, April 12, 2020 (video)
 * Introductions and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in France - Fabiana Gámbaro & al., April 24, 2020 (preprint)
 * Geographic and Genomic Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Mutations - Daniele Mercatelli & Federico Manuel Giorgi, April 30, 2020
 * Scientific team finds new, unique mutation in coronavirus study - Arizona State University, Medical Xpress, May 4, 2020
 * Emergence of genomic diversity and recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 - Lucyvan Dorp & al., Infection, Genetics and Evolution, May 5, 2020.
 * Coronavirus quickly spread around the world starting late last year, new genetic analysis shows - CNN, May 6, 2020
 * Coronavirus outbreak in France not comes directly from China or Italy, say French scientists - Xinhua, April 29, 2020
 * Spike mutation pipeline reveals the emergence of a more transmissible form of SARS-CoV-2 - B Korber & al., April 30, 2020 (preprint)
 * 14 mutations found in SARS-CoV-2: One strain may be more easily spread - Medical Xpress, May 6, 2020
 * The D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reduces S1 shedding and increases infectivity - Scripps Research, June 11, 2020
 * Mutation in new coronavirus increases chance of infection: study - Reuters, June 15, 2020
 * Detailed phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 reveals latent capacity to bind human ACE2 receptor - Erin Brintnell & al., June 27, 2020 (preprint)
 * Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: evidence that D614G increases infectivity of the COVID-19 virus - B. Korber & al., Cell, July 02, 2020
 * Genomic epidemiology of novel coronavirus - Global subsampling - Nextstrain team, data from GISAID (updated)
 * Effects of a major deletion in the SARS-CoV-2 genome on the severity of infection and the inflammatory response: an observational cohort study - Barnaby E Young & al., The Lancet, August 18, 2020

Variants

 * The Latest on Coronavirus Mutations - ScienceMag.org, December 18, 2020
 * Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations - Virological.org, December 18, 2020
 * COG-UK update on SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutations of special interest - Covid 19 Genomics UK Consortium, December 19, 2020
 * What Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 are Causing Concern? - Michael Greenwood, NewsMedical.net, Updated January 21, 2021
 * Exclusive: Two variants have merged into heavily mutated coronavirus - New Scientist, February 16, 2021
 * ''The UK and California variants of coronavirus appear to have combined into a heavily mutated hybrid...

B.1.1.7 (spike H69/V70 deletion)

 * @The_Soup_Dragon, December 19, 2020
 * ''MK LHL testing data showing increasing prevalence of H69/V70 variant in positive test data - which is detected incidentally by the commonly used 3-gene PCR test.
 * Recurrent emergence and transmission of a SARS-CoV-2 Spike deletion H69/V70 - December 14, 2020 (preprint)
 * Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations - COVID-19 Genomics Consortium UK, December 18, 2020

Database listing

 * GenBank MN908947.3


 * Random questions
 * why does the wuhan coronavirus genome end in 33 a's ?

Transmission

 * Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China - The Lancet, January 24, 2020
 * coronavirus 2019-nCoV: early estimation of epidemiological parameters and epidemic predictions - Jonathan M Read & al., January 28, 2020
 * Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia - New England Journal of Medicine, January 29, 2020
 * Study claiming new coronavirus can be transmitted by people without symptoms was flawed - Science, February 3, 2020
 * Reporter's Notebook: Life and death in a Wuhan coronavirus ICU - ''The Strait Times, February 6, 2020
 * The true cost of China's coronavirus cover-up: How state censorship let the outbreak spread - National Post (Canada), February 7, 2020
 * The Novel Coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, is Highly Contagious and More Infectious Than Initially Estimated - Steven Sanche & al., February 11, 2020
 * Fears of global coronavirus pandemic increase as 2 more die in Iran - New York Post, February 21, 2020
 * Coronavirus: more deaths confirmed as authorities around the world struggle to contain outbreak – latest updates - The Guardian, February 22, 2020
 * Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China - Zunyou Wu & al., JAMA, February 24, 2020
 * Covid-19: surge in cases in Italy and South Korea makes pandemic look more likely - Michael Day, BMJ, February 25, 2020
 * Early epidemiological assessment of the transmission potential and virulence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan City: China, January-February, 2020 - Kenji Mizumoto & al., March 13, 2020 (preprint)
 * Coronavirus is most contagious before and during the first week of symptoms - ScienceNews, March 13, 2020
 * UK coronavirus crisis 'to last until spring 2021 and could see 7.9m hospitalised - The Guardian, March 15, 2020
 * Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) - Ruiyun Li1 & al., Science, March 16, 2020
 * COVID-19 pandemic just started, hard to see end: Chinese epidemiologist - Global Times, March 24, 2020
 * Report 11: Evidence of initial success for China exiting COVID-19 social distancing policy after achieving containment - Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team, March 24, 2020
 * COVID-19: Two Major ‘Waves’ of Global Infection, Towards Global Contamination? - Larry Romanoff, Global Research, March 26, 2020 (archive, mirror)
 * Report 13 - Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries - Imperial College London, March 30, 2020
 * Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing - Luca Ferretti & al., Science, March 31, 2020
 * Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and different domestic animals to SARS-coronavirus-2 - Jianzhong Shi & al., March 31, 2020 (preprint)
 * Rare coronavirus patient’s mild symptoms but long illness may point to ‘chronic’ mutation: researchers - SCMP, April 1, 2020 (source)
 * ''Such information may indicate a new mild subtype of the virus, which has lower toxicity and weaker transmissibility but is more difficult to eliminate.
 * These Coronavirus Exposures Might Be the Most Dangerous Joshua D. Rabinowitz & Caroline R. Bartman, The New York Times, April 1, 2020 (archive)
 * Experts tell the White House coronavirus can spread through talking and even just breathing - The Hill, April 2, 2020
 * Estimating the presymptomatic transmission of COVID19 using incubation period and serial interval data - Weituo Zhang, April 2, 2020 (preprint)
 * What We Know About The Silent Spreaders Of COVID-19 - Pien Huang, NPR, April 13, 2020
 * Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period - Stephen M. Kissler & al., Science, April 14, 2020
 * China’s initial coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan spread twice as fast as we thought, new study suggests - SCMP, April 15, 2020
 * The end of exponential growth: The decline in the spread of coronavirus - Isaac Ben-Israel, Times of Israel, April 19, 2020
 * ''A similar pattern – rapid increase in infections to a peak in the sixth week, and decline from the eighth week – is common everywhere, regardless of response policies
 * CoVID 19 Worldwide Growth Rates (Updated) - Mark Handley, UCL April 19, 2020
 * Effect of changing case definitions for COVID-19 on the epidemic curve and transmission parameters in mainland China: a modelling study - Tim K Tsang & al., The Lancet, April 21, 2020
 * COVID-19 Superspreader Events in 28 Countries: Critical Patterns and Lessons - Jonathan Kay, Quillette, April 23, 2020
 * Asymptomatic Transmission, the Achilles’ Heel of Current Strategies to Control Covid-19 - Monica Gandhi & al., New England Journal of Medicine, April 24, 2020
 * An analysis of SARS-CoV-2 viral load by patient age - Terry C. Jones & al. (preprint)
 * The Covid-19 Riddle: Why Does the Virus Wallop Some Places and Spare Others? - The New York Times, May 3, 2020 (archive)
 * The Risks - Know Them - Avoid Them - Erin Bromage, May 6, 2020
 * ''Importantly, of the countries performing contact tracing properly, only a single outbreak has been reported from an outdoor environment.
 * Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Domestic Cats - Peter J. Halfmann, New England Journal of Medicine, May 13, 2020
 * US biggest source by far of Israel’s COVID-19 cases, genome sequencing shows - Times of Israel, May 18, 2020
 * Is Europe finally free of corona? The first wave seems to be over - Innovation Origins, June 9, 2020
 * Can Frozen Food Spread The Coronavirus? - NPR, February 12, 2021
 * Has the Era of Overzealous Cleaning Finally Come to an End? - The New York Times, April 8, 2021 (archive)

Asymptomatic transmission

 * Post-lockdown SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid screening in nearly ten million residents of Wuhan, China - Shiyi Cao1 & al., Nature, November 20, 2020

Schools

 * Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 following exposure in school settings: experience from two Helsinki area exposure incidents - Timothee Dub & al., July 30, 2020 (preview)
 * Largest COVID-19 contact tracing study to date finds children key to spread, evidence of superspreaders - Morgan Kelly, Princeton Environmental Institute, September 30, 2020

Superspreading events

 * Why do some COVID-19 patients infect many others, whereas most don’t spread the virus at all? - Kai Kupferschmidt, Science, May 19, 2020
 * 70% of people infected with the coronavirus did not pass it to anyone, preliminary research shows. Superspreading events account for most transmission - Business Insider, June 5, 2020
 * Viral Shedding and COVID-19 Superspreading Events - Eric A. Meyerowitz & al., Medscape, June 8, 2020
 * Up to 100 infected in Women's Day concert in Helsinki - MTV uutiset, June 11, 2020 (in Finnish)
 * ‘Data Speaks’: Dr Fauci Calls Supreme Court Nomination Event at White House COVID-19 ‘Superspreader’ - Sputnik, October 9, 2020

Quarantine

 * ''See also Coronavirus lockdown


 * Coronavirus: Li Wenliang, doctor who alerted authorities to the outbreak, dies of the disease - South China Morning Post, February 7, 2020
 * Effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions for containing the COVID-19 outbreak: an observational and modelling study - Shengjie Lai & al., March 9, 2020 (preprint)
 * “Flattening the Curve” is a deadly delusion - Joscha Bach, March 14, 2020
 * People Fleeing Coronavirus Head to a New Safe Haven: China - WSJ, March 16, 2020
 * New coronavirus stable for hours on surfaces - ''National Institutes of Health', March 17, 2020

USA

 * How testing failures allowed coronavirus to sweep the U.S. - Politico, March 6, 2020
 * ‘It’s Just Everywhere Already’: How Delays in Testing Set Back the U.S. Coronavirus Response - The New York Times, March 10, 2020 (archive)
 * 51 Test Positive For Coronavirus At Wilmington Nursing Home - Patch, April 4, 2020
 * ''All of the 98 residents set to leave AdviniaCare were tested, and 51 people tested positive. None of these people had any symptoms.
 * New Data Proves First US COVID-19 Deaths Occurred Earlier Than Officially Reported - Sputnik, April 22, 2020
 * NYC: 1 in 5 residents infected with coronavirus, says Cuomo - New York Daily News, April 23, 2020 (archive)
 * Hidden Outbreaks Spread Through U.S. Cities Far Earlier Than Americans Knew, Estimates Say - The New York Times, April 23, 2020 (archive)
 * Most early COVID-19 cases in New York City trace back to Europe: CDC - China Daily, July 17, 2020

Singapore

 * Explainer | How did migrant worker dormitories become Singapore’s biggest coronavirus cluster? - SCMP, April 17, 2020

Second wave

 * The Middle East is fighting a second wave of covid-19 - The Economist, June 13, 2020
 * Months into coronavirus, biggest one-day case spike worries Iran - AP, The New Indian Express'', June 17, 2020

Protection

 * N95 vs FFP3 & FFP2 masks – what’s the difference? - Fast Life Hacks, February 3, 2020
 * N95 RE-USE STRATEGIES - SAGES, April 3, 2020
 * Adding A Nylon Stocking Layer Could Boost Protection From Cloth Masks, Study Finds - NPR, April 22, 2020
 * Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Derek K Chu & al., The Lancet, June 1, 2020 (PDF)
 * Europe's Top Health Officials Say Masks Aren't Helpful - Jon Miltimore, Intellectual Takeout August 7, 2020

Coronavirus antibodies

 * ''Antibodies or antibody tests are not specific to COVID-19. It is possible that people who test positive were immunized by a common cold coronavirus like NCoV-OC43. Which would be good, as then the common cold would give immunity against COVID-19.


 * Cuba: Immunity to Covid-19 has not been confirmed yet - Prensa Latina, April 11, 2020
 * Poor immunity or mutations? South Korea investigates ‘shrewd’ coronavirus as reinfections creep up - John Power, SCMP, April 16, 2020
 * Recovered patients who tested positive for COVID-19 likely not reinfected - Live Science, May 1, 2020


 * Antibody research indicates coronavirus may be far more widespread than known - ABC News, April 17, 2020
 * Coronavirus Antibodies May Not Make You Immune, WHO Warns - Forbes, April 17, 2020
 * Long-term Co-existence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with Antibody Response in Non-severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients (Preprint) - Bin Wang, Pei-Hui Wang, Shandong University, April 17, 2020
 * Understanding How Testing Works- Peter Kolchinsky, City Journal, April 22, 2020
 * U.S. Floats Doubling Up Antibody Tests to Improve Accuracy - Bloomberg, April 28, 2020
 * ''In particular, antibody tests can be prone to false-positives, unwittingly identifying antibodies to other closely related viruses.
 * tests in Japan reveal: coronavirus mortality is lower than influenza - Corvelva, May 4, 2020
 * Different pattern of pre-existing SARS-COV-2 specific T cell immunity in SARS-recovered and uninfected individuals - Nina Le Bert & al., May 27, 2020 (preprint)
 * Horowitz: Colorado antibody testing proves the CDC’s remarkably low fatality rate for coronavirus - Daniel Horowitz, Conservative Review, June 1, 2020
 * Serological tests in Bergamo: 57% of citizens tested positive - Corriere, June 8, 2020 (in Italian)
 * 32.4% of Moscow doctors found to have coronavirus antibodies as Russia ramps up testing - RT, June 13, 2020
 * Coronavirus Herd Immunity May Be ‘Unachievable’ After Study Suggests Antibodies Disappear After Weeks In Some People - Adam Payne, Business Insider, July 7, 2020
 * My patient caught Covid-19 twice. So long to herd immunity hopes? - D. Clay Ackerly, Vox, July 12, 2020
 * South African SARS-CoV-2 variant escapes antibody neutralization - Sally Robertson, NewsMedical.net, January 20, 2021

Cross immunity

 * Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period - Stephen M. Kissler & al., Science, April 14, 2020
 * STUDIES: 60% of people naturally RESISTANT to SARS-COV2 - Off-Guardian, June 12, 2020
 * Covid-19: Do many people have pre-existing immunity? - Peter Doshi, BJM, September 17,2020
 * Exclusive: Study suggests dengue may provide some immunity against COVID-19 - Reuters, September 21, 2020
 * Immunodominant T-cell epitopes from the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen reveal robust pre-existing T-cell immunity in unexposed individuals - Swapnil Mahajan & al., November 05, 2020 (preprint)
 * Epitope-resolved profiling of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response identifies cross-reactivity with endemic human coronaviruses - Jason T. Ladner & al., Cell Reports Medicine, January 19, 2021
 * Groundbreaking Study Explains ‘Preexisting Immunity’ to Covid-19 Among Some Populations - Sputnik, January 23, 2021

T cells

 * of SARS-CoV-2 reactive T cells in COVID-19 patients and healthy donors - Julian Braun & al., April 22, 2020 (preprint)
 * T cells found in COVID-19 patients ‘bode well’ for long-term immunity - Mitch Leslie, Science, May 14, 2020
 * Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals - Alba Grifoni & al., Cell, May 14, 2020
 * Video: Your T-Cells Determine Your Covid-19 Risk - Chris Martenson, Peak Prosperity, July 17, 2020
 * T-cells may hold the key to Covid-19 vaccine - Alan Boyd, Asia Times, July 2020
 * SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls - Nina Le Bert & al., Nature, July 15, 2020

Herd immunity

 * ''See also Talk:Wuhan coronavirus outbreak


 * Why herd immunity to COVID-19 is reached much earlier than thought - Nic Lewis, Climate Etc., May 10, 2020
 * Coronavirus: Why everyone was wrong - Beda M Stadler, Medium, July 2, 2020
 * The extremely long incubation time of two to 14 days — and reports of 22 to 27 days — should wake up any immunologist. As well as the claim that most patients would no longer secrete the virus after five days. Both [claims] in turn actually lead to the conclusion that there is — sort of in the background — a base immunity that contorts the events, compared to an expected cycle [of a viral infection] — i.e. leads to a long incubation period and quick immunity.


 * Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study - Richard L Tillett & al., The Lancet, October 12, 2020

Vaccination

 * Skin Patch Vaccine Shows Promise in Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 - Technology Networks, April 3, 2020
 * The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape - Nature, April 9, 2020
 * Coronavirus vaccine: Target of a million doses by September, scientists say- BBC, April 19, 2020
 * Coronavirus: 'Possible to be infected with Covid-19 more than once' - BBC, April 19, 2020
 * '' ... She added that a vaccine-induced immunity could last longer than the infected-induced immunity.
 * Ministry of Health vaccine against coronavirus will be released for clinical trials on June 1 - TASS (Rus.), April 20, 2020
 * Draft landscape of COVID 19 candidate vaccines - WHO, April 26, 2020
 * Resources from RA Capital
 * Our team has created a map that captures many of the major ongoing technology development efforts in the world to solve our COVID-19 crisis.
 * Biovacc-19: A Candidate Vaccine for Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Developed from Analysis of its General Method of Action for Infectivity - B. Sørensen, A. Susrud and A.G. Dalgleish, QRB Discovery, June 2, 2020
 * China's Sinopharm touts 100% antibody response for COVID-19 vaccine it's already giving to workers - Angus Liu, Fierce Pharma, June 16, 2020

...difficulty with

 * No vaccine for coronavirus a possibility, interview with immun. prof. Ian Frazer, news.com.au, April 19, 2020
 * What happens if a coronavirus vaccine is never developed? It has happened before - CNN May 4, 2020
 * Sugary Camouflage on Coronavirus Offers Vaccine Clues - Quanta Magazine, May 5, 2020
 * Four Ukrainian army servicemen die in COVID-19 vaccine trial - Lugansk Media Centre, July 17, 2020
 * Alexander Mazeikin said (video)'' “The military-political leadership of Ukraine continues to risk the lives of its citizens to please the overseas partners. So, on June 23, six American virologists arrived at the Central Referatative Laboratory (Центральную реферативную лабораторию; mentioned in 2019 here) of Merefa settlement in the Kharkov region to test an innovative drug and vaccine against coronavirus infection. From the report of the chief surgeon of the Kharkov Military Hospital, Lieutenant Colonel of the Medical Service Sergei Shipilov (probably this man 1, 2), who participates in the program as an observer, we learned that 15 candidates were approved for practical tests on June 29, including 10 servicemen from among those infected with coronavirus infection with moderate and severe illnesses.... (etc) 22 medics had to sign nondisclosure agreement with SBU...anesthesiologist Oleg Oleynik (or Aleynik) and head of diagnostic lab Artem Ponomarev refused to talk to investigators and were detained; under a threat of criminal prosecution they agreed to cooperate with SBU ...
 * Ukraine denied the report
 * It may be "normal" that giving vaccine to somebody seriously ill already and going on ventilator will not necessarily save him...

Sputnik V

 * ''See also Wikipedia Gam-COVID-Vac


 * Scientists uneasy as Russia approves 1st coronavirus vaccine - AP, August 11, 2020
 * Russia approves 'Sputnik V' COVID-19 vaccine with little human testing - Live Science, August 11, 2020
 * 'Western' Media Falsely Claim That Russia's Covid-19 Vaccine Is Ready To Go - Moon of Alabama, August 12, 2020

mRNA Vaccines

 * On the Front Lines of Moderna’s Vaccine Program - James D Walsh, Intelligencer December 8, 2020
 * By late January, scientists in China had sequenced the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Soon after that, Moderna scientists in Cambridge fed that code into mRNA which was shuttled to cells via the LNP and, sure enough, the cells began to produce the protein necessary to trigger the body’s immune response... It took only 42 days to develop the vaccine.


 * Reverse Engineering the source code of the BioNTech/Pfizer SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine - Bert Hubert, December 25, 2020

Whole-virion vaccines

 * Russia's Chumakov Centre to Produce 7.5 Mln CoviVac Doses by Year's End - Sputnik, May 2, 2021

Non-COVID vaccines

 * MMR Vaccine and Covid-19: A Myth or a Low Risk-High Reward Preventive Measure? - Sanjay Deshpande and Sarath Balaji, Indian Pediatrics, July 24, 2020
 * Global trial to test whether MMR vaccine protects front-line health-care workers against COVID-19 - Jim Dryden, Washington University School of Medicine, September 3, 2020
 * Positive association between COVID-19 deaths and influenza vaccination rates in elderly people worldwide - Christian Wehenkel, PeerJ, October 1, 2020

Vaccination costs, licensing

 * They Pledged to Donate Rights to Their COVID Vaccine, Then Sold Them to Pharma - Jay Hancock, KHN, August 25, 2021
 * COVID-19 Vaccine Costs Leaked by Belgian Minister After EU Snubs Offer of 500mn Pfizer Jabs - Sputnik, December 18, 2020

Side effects

 * Do No Harm’ Means Not Giving the Covid Vaccination to Young People - Dr Alan Mordue, Lockdown Sceptics, April 19, 2021
 * Norway: Risk of Dying From AstraZeneca Higher Than of COVID-19 - Sputnik, April 23, 2021

Infection

 * A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019 - NEJM, January 24, 2020
 * How does coronavirus kill? Clinicians trace a ferocious rampage through the body, from brain to toes - Science, April 17, 2020
 * Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19 - Zsuzsanna Varga & al., The Lancet, April 20, 2020 (summary)

T cells?

 * Coronavirus could attack immune system like HIV by targeting protective cells, warn scientists - Stephen Chen, SCMP April 12, 2020
 * SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes through its spike protein-mediated membrane fusion - Wang, X. & al., Cellular & Molecular Immunology, April 7, 2020
 * Decreased T cell populations contribute to the increased severity of COVID19 - Rui Liua & al., Clinica Chimica Acta, May 13, 2020 (PDF)
 * Immunologic perturbations in severe COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes & al., May 18, 2020 (preprint)
 * Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals patient heterogeneity and distinct immunotypes with implications for therapeutic interventions - Divij Mathew & al., May 18, 2020 (preprint)
 * How the Coronavirus Short-Circuits the Immune System - Gina Kolata, The New York Times, June 26, 2020

Hemoglobin?

 * ''See also section Silent hypoxia below.


 * COVID-19: Attacks the 1-Beta Chain of Hemoglobin and Captures the Porphyrin to Inhibit Human Heme Metabolism - Wenzhong Liu & Hualan Li, March 6, 2020, last updated April 27, 2020 (preprint)
 * Covid-19 had us all fooled, but now we might have finally found its secret. - libertymavenstock, April 5, 2020 (archive 2)
 * ''This is an archived web page that Medium.com determined violated their Content Policy. Here is a link to it on the Live Web. In most instances, the archiving of a page is an automated process. The inclusion of a page in the Wayback Machine should not be seen as an endorsement of its content in any way.
 * Covid-19: Debunking the Hemoglobin Story - Matthew Amdahl, April 11, 2020
 * The Infodemic: Does the Virus Causing COVID-19 Bind to Hemoglobin? - Voice of America, April 16, 2020
 * This is not pneumonia - a pathologist about the condition of the lungs of patients with coronavirus - ОСН, April 16, 2020 (in Russian)
 * Italian scientist says she discovered main mechanism behind COVID-19 - Jerusalem Post, May 3, 2020
 * Researcher Claims COVID-19 Damages Hemoglobin and Hydroxychloroquine Promises Coronavirus Immunity - HospiMedica, May 5, 2020
 * Flawed methods in “COVID-19: Attacks the 1-Beta Chain of Hemoglobin and Captures the Porphyrin to Inhibit Human Heme Metabolism” - Randy J. Read, May 5, 2020 (preprint)
 * Is hemoglobin the missing link in the pathogenesis of COVID-19? - Amer Majeed & al., Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care, May 7, 2020

Silent hypoxia

 * The Infection That’s Silently Killing Coronavirus Patients - Richard Levitan, The New York Times, April 20, 2020 (mirror)
 * ''Widespread pulse oximetry screening for Covid pneumonia — whether people check themselves on home devices or go to clinics or doctors’ offices — could provide an early warning system for the kinds of breathing problems associated with Covid pneumonia.
 * The mystery of the pandemic's ‘happy hypoxia’ - Jennifer Couzin Frankel, Science, May 1, 2020

Coagulation/Thrombosis

 * Anticoagulation Guidance Emerging for Severe COVID-19 - MedPage Today, April 8, 2020
 * post-mortem findings in a large series of COVID-19 cases from Northern Italy - Luca Carsana & al., April 22, 2020 (preprint)
 * Everything You Need To Know About Coronavirus Causing Blood Clots - Julia Riles, Huffington Post, April 30, 2020
 * Autopsies Prove that COVID-19 is a Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (Pulmonary Thrombosis) - Pulse on LinkedIn, ~ May 7, 2020
 * Post and account censored by LinkedIn. "Debunked" by "fact checkers". Original content similar to this post on Facebook.
 * Coronavirus May Be a Blood Vessel Disease, Which Explains Everything - Dana G Smith, Elemental, May 29, 2020
 * How does COVID kill people? - Dr Malcolm Kendrick, June 2, 2020
 * Blood group type may affect susceptibility to COVID-19 respiratory failure - Sally Robertson, News-Medical, June 3, 2020

Kawasaki disease

 * Kawasaki Disease—The Latest Weird Illness From Coronavirus - Judy Stone, Forbes, May 5, 2020
 * Children in US and UK dying from syndrome linked to COVID-19 - Jacob Crosse, WSWS, May 9, 2020

Strokes

 * Healthy people in their 30s and 40s, barely sick with COVID-19, are dying from strokes - The Washington Post via Boston.com, April 24, 2020

Lipid metabolism

 * The Relationship Between Cholesterol and COVID19 - Yishayahu Ben Shemuel, April 1, 2020
 * The SARS-CoV-2 Transcriptional Metabolic Signature in Lung Epithelium - Avner Ehrlich & al., Cell Metabolism, July 14, 2020 (Under Review)

Nervous system

 * Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms - Emily A.Troyera, Jordan N.Kohna, Suzi Hongab, Brain Behaviour and Immunity, April 13, 2020
 * Coronavirus: many patients reporting neurological symptoms - The Conversation, April 24, 2020
 * Evidence Suggests COVID-19 Might Have Neuropsychiatric Aftereffects - Shin Jie Yong, Medium, April 28, 2020
 * Neurobiology of COVID-19 - Fotuhi Majid, Raji Cyrus A. et al, Journal of Alzheimers Disease, May 29, 2020
 * Critical Insights Into the Neurologic Effects of COVID-19 - Tori Rodriguez, Neurology Adviser, June 29, 2020
 * COVID-19 and the chemical senses: supporting players take center stage(PDF) - Keiland W. Cooper, Antonella de Pizzo et al, Neuron, July 1, 2020
 * Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity - Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri & al., Science, October 20, 2020
 * One in 5 COVID-19 patients develop mental illness within 90 days - study - Reuters, November 10, 2020

Permanent damage?

 * Coronavirus survivors banned from joining the military - Military Times, May 6,2020
 * The emerging long-term complications of Covid-19, explained - Lois Parshley, Vox, May 8, 2020
 * COVID-19 Can Last for Several Months - Ed Yong, The Atlantic, June 4, 2020
 * What they don’t tell you about surviving COVID-19 - Mike Moffitt, SFGATE, June 22, 2020
 * Scans Reveal Heart Damage in Over Half of COVID-19 Patients in Study - Kashmira Gandher, Newsweek, July 13, 2020
 * 'Long Covid' is real and patients suffer debilitating symptoms for months, experts say - The Telegraph, August 20, 2020

Asymptomatic harm

 * Incidence of subclinical CT changes high in COVID-19 cases - Medical Express, March 20, 2020
 * Video: Asymptomatic does not mean no chest abnormalities - Dr KK Aggarwal, June 7, 2020
 * Video: Up to 45 percent of SARS-CoV-2 infections may be asymptomatic, new analysis finds - Scripps Research, June 9, 2020
 * Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections - Long, Q., Tang, X., Shi, Q. et al., Nature Medicine, June 18 2020

Mortality

 * Real estimates of mortality following COVID-19 infection - David Baud & al., The Lancet, March 12, 2020
 * Estimates of the severity of COVID-19 disease - Robert Verity & al., March 13, 2020 (preprint)
 * A Swiss Doctor on Covid-19 - Swiss Propaganda Research, March 14, 2020
 * Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China - Joseph T. Wu & al., Nature Medicine, March 19, 2020
 * Coronavirus deaths: What we don't know - BBC News, March 21, 2020
 * Chinese aid doctor diagnoses COVID-19’s high death rate in Italy - Global Times, March 19, 2020
 * How much ‘normal’ risk does Covid represent? - David Spiegelhalter, March 21, 2020
 * How lethal is Covid-19 REALLY? Why massive fatality rates from Italy are MISLEADING - Peter Andrews, RT, March 25, 2020
 * Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) — United States, February 12–March 16, 2020 - CDC COVID-19 Response Team, March 26, 2020
 * Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study - Aaron Miller & al., March 28, 2020 (preprint)
 * How deadly is the coronavirus? It’s still far from clear - The Spectator, March 28, 2020
 * Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis - Robert Verity & al., The Lancet, March 30, 2020
 * Is COVID-19 receiving ADE from other coronaviruses? - Jason A.Tetro, Microbes and Infection, March 2020
 * See also Antibody-dependent enhancement on Wikipedia
 * Differential COVID-19-attributable mortality and BCG vaccine use in countries - Anita Shet & al., April 6, 2020 (preprint)
 * Coronavirus death rate lower in countries using old BCG vaccine . Daily Mail Online, April 7, 2020
 * From fine to flailing - rapid health declines in COVID-19 patients jar doctors, nurses - Reuters, April 8, 2020
 * Population-level COVID-19 mortality risk for non-elderly individuals overall and for non-elderly individuals without underlying diseases in pandemic epicenters - J. Ioannidis & al., April 8, 2020 (preprint)
 * What is the infection fatality rate of the Coronavirus? - Michael Johnson, April 11, 2020
 * Higher Mortality Rate in Ventilated COVID-19 Patients in Large Sample - Diana Swift, Medscape, April 13, 2020
 * Provisional Death Counts for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) - National Center for Health Statistics (updated April 14, 2020)
 * Lockdowns Don’t Work - Lyman Stone, Public Discourse, April 21, 2020
 * Global coronavirus death toll could be 60% higher than reported - FT, April 26, 2020
 * Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate by real-time antibody screening of blood donors - Christian Erikstrup & al., April 28, 2020 (preprint)
 * Antibody tests support what’s been obvious: Covid-19 is much more lethal than the flu - Washington Post, April 28, 2020
 * Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area - Safiya Richardson & al., JAMA, April 22, 2020 (correction)
 * New study finds nearly all coronavirus patients put on ventilators died - The Hill, April 23, 2020
 * About a quarter of Covid-19 patients put on ventilators in New York's largest health system died, study finds - CNN, April 26, 2020
 * ''The original report in JAMA stated that 12% of patients required ventilation and of them 88% died -- but those numbers only represented a minority of patients whose outcome was known, not the entire body of patients.
 * SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Infection Fatality Rate (IFR) Implied by the Serology, Antibody, Testing in New York City - Linus Wilson, SSRN, May 1, 2020
 * Estimating The Infection Fatality Rate Among Symptomatic COVID-19 Cases In The United States - Anirban Basu, Health Affairs, May 7, 2020
 * Covid-19 Case Fatality Rates - Jason Oke, Carl Heneghan, CEBM, May 7, 2020 (updated)
 * 82% of Canada’s COVID-19 deaths have been in long-term care, new data reveals - Tonda MacCharles, The Stat, May 7, 2020
 * Estimating the Global Infection Fatality Rate of COVID-19 - Richard Grewelle, Giulio De Leo, MedRxiv, May 18, 2020 (Preprint)
 * Applying this asymptotic estimator to cumulative COVID-19 data from 139 countries reveals a global IFR of 1.04% (CI: 0.77%,1.38%)
 * Coronafacts: IFR ≈ 1%, Spread Low - Anthony Karlin, Unz Review, May 21, 2020
 * Stockholm City's Elderly Care and COVID19: Interview with Barbro Karlsson - Charlotta Stern & Daniel B. Klein, May 24, 2020 (preprint)
 * ''Those who died of COVID-19 in Stockholm’s nursing homes had a life-remaining median somewhere in the range of 5 to 9 months.
 * SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality risk in a nationwide seroepidemiological study - Roberto Pastor-Barriuso & al., August 7, 2020 (preprint)
 * Predicted COVID-19 fatality rates based on age, sex, comorbidities and health system capacity - Selene Ghisolfi & al., BMJ Global Health, August 9, 2020
 * How Well Do Covid-19 Survivors Survive? - Adam Larson, August 23, 2020
 * the True Fatality Rate of Covid-19: Same as the Flu? - Shin Jie Yong, September 8, 2020
 * The infection fatality rate of COVID-19 inferred from seroprevalence data - John Ioannidis, WHO, October 14, 2020 (preprint)
 * Statistical techniques to estimate the SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate - M. Mieskolainen & al., November 22, 2020

Fake news

 * Cue the debunking: Two Bakersfield doctors go viral with dubious COVID test conclusions - Barbara Feder Ostrov, Cal Matters, April 27, 2020
 * Shoddy statistics and false claims: Dr. Erickson dangerously misled the public on coronavirus - The Logic of Science, April 29, 2020
 * The 1% blunder: How a simple but fatal math mistake by US Covid-19 experts caused the world to panic and order lockdowns - Malcolm Kendrick, RT, September 6, 2020

RT-PCR

 * ''See also Wikipedia for Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)


 * Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR - Victor M Corman & al., Eurosurveillance, January 23, 2020
 * Tests for fragments of RdRP, E, and N genes. This is the test recommended by WHO.
 * Protocol: Real-time RT-PCR assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 - Institut Pasteur
 * Uses the E gene assay from the German Charité protocol1 and two probes (IP2 and IP4) for the RdRp gene.
 * CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel - CDC, June 12, 2020
 * Tests for nucleoprotein (N), N1 and N2 fragments
 * How to Get CDC’s COVID-19 Diagnostic Test and Supplies - CDC, June 13, 2020
 * SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus Multiplex RT-qPCR Kit - Creative Diagnostics
 * Development of a Laboratory-safe and Low-cost Detection Protocol for SARS-CoV-2 of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 - Won J1 & al., March 10, 2020
 * Reverse Transcription Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification - Wikipedia
 * Rapid Detection of Novel Coronavirus (COVID19) by Reverse Transcription-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification - Laura E. Lamb & al., The Lancet, February 19, 2020
 * The FDA has approved emergency use of a new coronavirus test that delivers positive results in 5 minutes - Business Insider, March 28, 2020 (press release)
 * Two Grimme Awards for Prof. Drosten’s coronavirus podcast
 * Noted: challenged here, see also pp 37-38 here; not endorsing either side.

Antibody tests

 * Fast test for virus proteins in swabs using COVID antibodies.
 * Flu test produce results in 15 minutes.
 * Not yet available for COVID-19
 * Blood tests for coronavirus antibodies (Only work when patient has developed immunity.)
 * 20/20 BioResponse to Launch Rapid Coronavirus Test Kits in U.S. following “Green Light” from FDA - BioSpace, March 19, 2020
 * ''Rapid Antibody Test Generates Results in under 15 minutes from Blood Drop without Laboratory Equipment or Personnel
 * STANDARD Q COVID-19 IgM/IgG Duo
 * Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) IgM/IgG Test Kit
 * igg, igs tests (being mentioned, actual use and usefulness unknown here).
 * Interpreting Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2 - Nandini Sethuraman & al., JAMA, May 6, 2020

Treatment

 * The lifeline pipeline - Christine Soares. Reuters, April 13, 2020 (updated July 17, 2020)

Intensive care

 * ECMO machines ('artificial lung': removing CO2 and oxygenating red blood cells)
 * CDC interim guidance
 * ICNARC report on COVID-19 in critical care - April 4, 2020
 * Coronavirus: Are 'live-saving' ventilators actually dangerous? - Daily Mail Online, April 17, 2020

Procedures
Oxygen -> ventilator -> turning patient to lie on stomach so that there is less water in upper parts of lungs ->ECMO

In Moscow: Oxygen -> turning (see above) -> ventilator -> ECMO; trying to avoid ventilator, ECMO as long as it's possible

Chloroquine

 * is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread - Martin J Vincent & al., Virology Journal, August 22, 2005
 * Chloroquine Is a Zinc Ionophore - Jing Xue & al., PLoS ONE, October 1, 2014
 * Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro - Liu & al., Cell Discovery, March 18, 2020
 * Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial - Didier Raoult & al., International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, March 20, 2020
 * Why France is hiding a cheap and tested virus cure - Pepe Escobar, Asia Times, March 25, 2020
 * The Trial of Chloroquine in the Treatment of Corona Virus Disease 2019 （COVID-19） and Its Research Progress in Forensic Toxicology - Duan YJ & al., Journal of Forensic Medicine, March 25, 2020
 * Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial - Zhaowei Chen & al., March 31, 2020 (preprint)
 * Largest Statistically Significant Study by 6,200 Multi-Country Physicians on COVID-19 Uncovers Treatment Patterns and Puts Pandemic in Context - Sermo, April 2, 2020
 * New updates from Dr. Vladimir Zelenko: Cocktail of Hydroxychloroquine, Zinc Sulfate and Azithromycin are showing phenomenon results with 900 coronavirus patients treated - TechStartups, April 5, 2020
 * how an unproven drug became Trump’s coronavirus 'miracle cure' - Julia Carrie Wong, The Guardian, April 7, 2020
 * The Latest Hydroxychloroquine Data, As of April 11 - Derek Lowe, Science, April 11, 2020
 * Compilation of Evidence on Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 - James M Todaro, Updated April 12, 2020
 * Hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial - Wei Tang & al., April 14, 2020 (preprint)
 * behind the Assault on Hydroxychloroquine - Leo Goldstein, WUWT, May 2, 2020
 * Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 - NEJM, May 7, 2020 (video)
 * Hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin: a potential interest in reducing in-hospital morbidity due to COVID-19 pneumonia (HI-ZY-COVID)? - Benjamin Davido & al., May 11, 2020 (preprint)
 * Video (Eng Subs) Hydroxychloroquine Lancet Study: Former France Health Minister blows the whistle - Virgile Faber, May 31, 2020
 * Surgisphere: governments and WHO changed Covid-19 policy based on suspect data from tiny US company - The Guardian, June 3, 2002
 * Viral Dynamics Matter in COVID-19 Pneumonia: the success of early treatment with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in Lebanon - Amanda Chamieh & al., June 2, 2020 (preprint)
 * The Hydroxychloroquine Scandal - Iain Davis, UK Column, June 18, 2020
 * The Tragic Hydroxychloroquine Debate and Dr. Fauci's Denial of Evidence - Mikko Paunio, Real Clear Policy, August 25, 2020

Ivermectin

 * Indian and Iraqi studies suggest Ivermectin prevents and treats Covid-19 - TrialSiteNews, November 5, 2020
 * Video: Censored! Most Recent Covid Video Banned By YouTube - Chris Martenson Peak Prosperity, December 8, 2020
 * Video: Best Covid Treatment To Date By Far - Peak Prosperity, December 16, 2020
 * Ivermectin is effective for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 31 studies - Covid Analysis, Nov 26, 2020, (Updated)
 * COVID-19 Studies - (Ivermectin)


 * Not Using Ivermectin, One Year In, Is Unethical And Immoral - Mary Beth Pfeiffer, Trial Site News, January 18, 2021
 * Cheap antiparasitic could cut chance of Covid-19 deaths by up to 75% - Donato Paolo Mancini, Financial Times (Mirrored), January 19, 2021
 * Oxford’s PRINCIPLE Trial: Bringing Ivermectin Directly into the Developed World in the Battle Against COVID-19 - Trial Site News, January 25, 2021
 * The Times reports that some experts such as Penny Ward, visiting professor in pharmaceutical medicine at Kings’ College London critiques the study, sharing with The Times’ Rhys Blakely that, “They’re allowing a recruitment window 14 days from the onset of symptoms, but the virus peaks on day three—and it’s too late to use an antiviral after the peak of virus replication.”
 * The trial platform subsequently passed over Ivermectin.


 * Frontiers Removes Controversial Ivermectin Paper Pre-Publication - Catherine Offord, The Scientist, March 2, 2021
 * 2 March 2021 – Media statement - Frontiers Announcements, March 2, 2021
 * Beyond The Roundup | Did Cali Colombia Ivermectin Trial Include Protocol Deviations? - Trial Site News, March 13, 2021
 * Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance Statement on Weak Guidance on Ivermectin from the World Health Organization (WHO)(PDF) - FLCCC Alliance, March 31, 2021

Mechanisms of action

 * Review of the Emerging Evidence Demonstrating the Efficacy of Ivermectin in the Prophylaxis and Treatment of COVID-19 - FLCCC Alliance, (Updated) January 12, 2021
 * ...it appears that the increasingly well described in vitro properties of ivermectin as an inhibitor of inflammation are far more clinically potent than previously recognized. The growing list of studies demonstrating the anti-inflammatory properties of ivermectin include its ability to; inhibit cytokine production after lipopolysaccharide exposure, downregulate transcription of NF-kB, and limit the production of both nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2

Fenofibrate

 * Drug Used to Treat High Cholesterol May Eliminate COVID-19 Infection in Days, Study Finds - Sputnik, July 14, 2020

Vitamin C

 * Can early and high intravenous dose of vitamin C prevent and treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? - Richard Z.Cheng, Medicine in Drug Discovery, March 26, 2020
 * New York hospitals treating coronavirus patients with vitamin C - New York Post, March 24, 2020

Vitamin D

 * Vitamin D and Immunity, Lots of Evidence - Dr. John Campbell, Apr 15, 2020
 * The Possible Role of Vitamin D in Suppressing Cytokine Storm and Associated Mortality in COVID-19 Patients - Ali Daneshkhah & al., May 18, 2020 (preprint)
 * Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D3 level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study - Eugene Merzon & al., July 3, 2020 (preprint)
 * Vitamin D deficiency to blame for severe COVID-19 - Adrian R Martineau & Nita G Forouhi, The Lancet, August 3, 2020
 * New Study: Vitamin D reduces risk of ICU admission 97% - COVID.US.ORG, September 3, 2020
 * The link between vitamin D deficiency and Covid-19 in a large population - Ariel Israel & al., September 7, 2020 (preprint)
 * SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels - Harvey W. Kaufman & al., PLOS ONE, September 17, 2020
 * Vitamin D is the Solution to the Covid-19 Second Wave - COVID.US.ORG, September 20, 2020
 * Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study - Marta Entrenas Castilloa & al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, October 2020
 * Vitamin D and survival in COVID-19 patients: A quasi-experimental study - Cédric Annweiler & al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, October 13, 2020
 * Vitamin D Mitigates COVID-19, Say 40+ Patient Studies (listed below) – Yet BAME, Elderly, Care-homers, and Obese are still ‘D’ deficient, thus at greater COVID-19 risk - WHY? - Robert A Brown, BJM, October 15, 2020
 * Vitamin D Deficiency in COVID-19 Quadrupled Death Rate - Becky McCall, Medscape, December 11, 2020
 * Why politicians and doctors keep ignoring the medical research on Vitamin D and Covid - Jonathan Cook, February 15, 2021

Zinc

 * The effectiveness of high dose zinc acetate lozenges on various common cold symptoms: a meta-analysis - Harri Hemilä & Elizabeth Chalker, BMC Family Practice, February 25, 2015
 * 'Dangerous' COVID-19 claims and bogus cures continue to spread in B.C. - Bethany Lindsay, CBC News, April 4, 2020
 * Coronavirus Crisis Reopens 150-Year-Old Controversy - Karen Selick, Lewrockwell.com, April 20, 2020
 * ''The loss of [smell and taste] is a well-established symptom of zinc deficiency.

Immunosuppression

 * ''See also Treat COVID-19 with immunosuppressors? on Talk


 * COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression - Puja Mehta & al., The Lancet, March 16, 2020
 * Coronavirus: Dexamethasone proves first life-saving drug - BBC News, June 16, 2020
 * ‘Truly Remarkable’: Scientists Say Dexamethasone Steroid Reduces Death Risk in Severe COVID-19 Cases - Sputnik, June 16, 2020

Nicotine

 * French researchers plan to give nicotine patches to coronavirus patients and frontline workers - Daily Mail Online, April 22, 2020
 * ''One study in China, where the pandemic began, showed only 6.5 per cent of COVID-19 patients were smokers, compared to 26.6 per cent of the population. Another study, by the Centers for Disease Control in the US, found just 1.3 per cent of hospitalised patients were smokers - compared to 14 per cent of America.

Interferon Alpha 1b

 * An experimental trial of recombinant human interferon alpha nasal drops to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 in medical staff in an epidemic area (preprint) - Zhonghi Meng, Jie Luo, MedRxiv, April 17, 2020
 * Conclusion In this investigator-initiated open-label study, we observed that rhIFN-α nasal drops can effectively prevent COVID-19 in treated medical personnel

Interferon Alpha 2b

 * Cuba's Interferon Alpha 2B, Successful in Treating COVID-19 - Telesur, March 17, 2020
 * Cadila Healthcare says exploring cancer, hepatitis drug Interferon alpha-2b for COVID-19 - Money Control, April 20, 2020

Interferon Alpha 14

 * COVID-19 ARDS potential therapy with recombinant INTERFERON ALPHA-14 - ILC Therapeutics, April 14, 2020

Convalescent serum

 * The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19 - Arturo Casadevall and Liise-anne Pirofski, Journal of Clinical Investigation'', March 13, 2020
 * Plasma from recovered patients used in Cuba against COVID-19 - OnCuba, April 22, 2020
 * ‘Anecdotal evidence is overwhelmingly positive’: Nearly 2,600 COVID-19 patients in the U.S. have been treated with plasma - Infoshri, April 28, 2020

Monoclonal antibodies

 * A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection - Chunyan Wang & al., Nature Communications, May 4, 2020
 * A noncompeting pair of human neutralizing antibodies block COVID-19 virus binding to its receptor ACE2 - Yan Wu & al., Science, May 13, 2020
 * Scientists in China believe new drug can stop pandemic 'without vaccine' - AFP, May 20, 2020

Nitric oxide

 * UK Clinical Trial Confirms SaNOtize’s Breakthrough Treatment for COVID-19 - Business Wire, March 15, 2021

Experimental treatment

 * Kaletra (Lopinavir/Ritonavit), anti AIDS drug, experimentally tried with some positive results reported, although no pharmacological grounds to do so are known.
 * The FDA-approved Drug Ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Research - Leon Caly & al., Antiviral Research, April 3, 2020
 * We found and tested 47 old drugs that might treat the coronavirus: Results show promising leads and a whole new way to fight COVID-19 - The Conversation, April 30, 2020
 * Cuba Develops Effective Peptide Against COVID-19 - Telesur, May 18, 2020
 * Human recombinant soluble ACE2 (hrsACE2) shows promise for treating severe COVID­19 - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz & al., Nature, November 3, 2020

Preventatives

 * Cuba usa tratamiento homeopático para subir defensas ante COVID-19 - Cronica, April 7, 2020
 * Cuba uses homeopathic treatment [PrevenGo Vir] to raise defenses against COVID-19 Dr. Francisco Durán, head of the Department of Epidemiomology of the Minsap, assured that the treatment does not prevent the person from getting COVID-19, but can provide better resistance to face the disease.


 * Nearly 1 000 Elderly People Get First Dose of Prevengho-Vir in Sancti Spiritus - Carmen Rodriguez, Escambray, April 20, 2020

Long-term patients

 * Coronavirus: Mystery of long-term patients confounds Wuhan doctors - Straits Times, April 10, 2020

Recommendations

 * Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Guidelines on the Management of Critically Ill Adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
 * Management of Critically Ill Adults With COVID-19 - Jason T. Poston, JAMA Clinical Guidelines Synopsis, March 26, 2020
 * EVMS Critical Care COVID-19 Management Protocol - Eastern Virginia Medical School, May 11, 2020 (more)
 * (PDF) MATH+ Protocol - Frontline COVID-19 Critical Care Working Group, April 24, 2020
 * (PDF) I-MASK+ Phropylaxiz and early outpatient treatment protocol for Covid 19 - Frontline Critical Covid Care Alliance, (Updated) December 9, 2020


 * Treatment – Covid Reference - Christian Hoffmann, updated April 21, 2020

Costs

 * Fact check: Hospitals get paid more if patients listed as COVID-19, on ventilators - USA TODAY, April 26, 2020

Biological origin?

 * Sorry, conspiracy theorists. Study concludes COVID-19 'is not a laboratory construct' - ABC News, March 27, 2020,
 * ''And while many believe the virus originated at a fish market in Wuhan, China, Garry said that is also a misconception. "Our analyses, and others too, point to an earlier origin than that," Garry said. "There were definitely cases there, but that wasn’t the origin of the virus."
 * Coronavirus: pathogen could have been spreading in humans for decades, study says - SCMP, March 29, 2020
 * ''The two viruses shared more than 96 per cent of their genes, but the bat virus could not infect humans. It lacked a spike protein to bind with receptors in human cells.
 * ''Coronaviruses with a similar spike protein were later discovered in Malayan pangolins by separate teams from Guangzhou and Hong Kong, which led some researchers to believe that a recombination of genomes had occurred between the bat and pangolin viruses.
 * SARS-CoV-2 is well adapted for humans. What does this mean for re-emergence? Shing Hei Zhan & al., May 2, 2020 (preprint)
 * ''Our observations suggest that by the time SARS-CoV-2 was first detected in late 2019, it was already pre-adapted to human transmission to an extent similar to late epidemic SARS-CoV.
 * COVID-19 origin: University of Calgary research shows SARS-CoV-2 may have been evolving slowly since 2013 - Firstpost, June 27, 2020
 * Exclusive: Covid-19 may not have originated in China, Oxford University expert believes - The Telegraph, July 5, 2020 (archive)
 * Coronavirus may have been laying dormant around the world, rather than originating in China, expert claims - 7NEWS (Australia), July 7, 2020
 * China not the origin of the disease, top scientist says - Nadia Lam, SCMP, November 20, 2020
 * Coronavirus was on many continents before Wuhan outbreak, Chinese team says - SCMP, November 27, 2020

Mojiang Miners Passage

 * A proposed origin for Sars-Cov-2 and the Covid 19 Pandemic - Jason Latham and Allison Wilson, Independent Science News, July 15, 2020

November intelligence report

 * Intelligence report warned of coronavirus crisis as early as November: Sources - ABC News, April 8, 2020,
 * ''As far back as late November, U.S. intelligence officials were warning that a contagion was sweeping through China’s Wuhan region, changing the patterns of life and business and posing a threat to the population, according to four sources briefed on the secret reporting.
 * Assorted virus news - Moon of Alabama, April 10
 * The news was not about the novel corona virus but about a small outbreak of bubonic plague from Inner Mongolia:


 * US alerted Israel, NATO to disease outbreak in China in November — TV report - Times of Israel, April 16, 2020
 * ''White House was reportedly not interested in the intel, but it was passed onto NATO, IDF; when it reached Israel’s Health Ministry, ‘nothing was done’
 * What Did U.S. Intel Really Know About the ‘Chinese’ Virus? - Pepe Escobar, Strategic Culture, April 21, 2020
 * Analysis of hospital traffic and search engine data in Wuhan China indicates early disease activity in the Fall of 2019 - Nsoesie, Elaine Okanyene & al., June 8, 2020 (priprint)
 * Satellite data suggests coronavirus may have hit China earlier: Researchers - Good Morning America, June 8, 2020

Wuhan Military Games

 * Five foreign athletes from military world games in Wuhan infected with malaria, not COVID-19 in October 2019: hospital head - Global Times, February 24, 2020
 * 'US Army Behind Covid-19 In Wuhan': China's Foreign Ministry Levels Bombastic Charge - ZeroHedge, March 12, 2020
 * 'American coronavirus': China pushes propaganda casting doubt on virus origin - The Guardian, March 13, 2020
 * Meet Wuhan CoronaVirus Patient One - Maatje Benassi - George Webb, March 20, 2020 (video)
 * Coronavirus prepared at the bio-weapons laboratory in the US - Dennis Etler, Eurasia Diary, March 20, 2020
 * Last Man Standing - Godfree Roberts, Unz Review, March 22, 2020
 * ''The following content is circulating in Chinese cyberspace.
 * ''42 employees of the Oriental Hotel were diagnosed with COVID-19, becoming the first cluster in Wuhan. At the time only 7 people from the market had been thus diagnosed (and treated before the hotel staff). All 7 had contact with the 42 from the hotel. From this source, the virus spread to the rest of China.
 * Americans track down suspected case of new crown pneumonia, female athlete in the military games! @Trump please explain it! - political commissar Canrong, WeChat, March 23, 2020 (in Chinese)
 * Trump administration owes the world an explanation - CGTN, March 23, 2020
 * US urged to release health info of military athletes who came to Wuhan in October 2019 - Global Times, March 25, 2020
 * US Army infected Wuhan with coronavirus during Military Games? China official thinks so - International Business Times, March 27, 2020
 * She’s been falsely accused of starting the coronavirus. Her life has been turned upside down - CNN, April 27, 2020 (mirror)
 * French athletes contaminated by Covid-19 in October at the Wuhan Military Games? - franceinfo, May 6, 2020
 * Did European athletes catch coronavirus while competing at World Military Games in Wuhan in OCTOBER? - Daily Mail Online, May 6, 2020
 * Athletes: 'Sick in Wuhan back in October' - Football Italia, May 7 2020
 * The New Face of COVID-19 - Nathan Rich, May 12, 2020 (video)
 * Numerous athletes suspect they have contracted the coronavirus as early as last October - according to a Finnish doctor in Wuhan, it is almost impossible to prove it - YLE, May 19, 2020 (in Finnish)
 * COVID Coverup: Trudeau gov’t helped China hide origins of COVID-19 - Rebel News, January 14, 2021
 * Army Whistleblower: Soldiers Returning From Military Games In Wuhan Brought Home COVID-19HAFHAFJanuary 20, 2021 - Humans Are Free, January 20, 2021

US origin?

 * Cause of Respiratory Illness Still Unknown After Dozens Sickened at Virginia Retirement Community - NBC Washington, July 17, 2019
 * Virginia Department of Health Warns Residents of Increase in Respiratory Illnesses - July 19, 2019 (archive)
 * Updating 2 Outbreaks: Respiratory Illness In Virginia LTCF & iGas in Essex, UK - Michael Coston, Avian Flu Diary, July 29, 2019
 * ''Health officials said last week what was striking about the outbreak was the number of residents impacted and the time of year — summer instead of winter, when flu and respiratory illness usually spread.
 * CDC director says some coronavirus-related deaths have been found posthumously - CNN, March 11, 2020
 * COVID-19: Further Evidence that the Virus Originated in the US - Larry Romanoff, Global Research, March 11, 2020
 * Exclusive: White House told federal health agency to classify coronavirus deliberations - sources - Reuters, March 11, 2020
 * ''SCIFs are usually reserved for intelligence and military operations. Ordinary cell phones and computers can’t be brought into the chambers. HHS has SCIFs because theoretically it would play a major role in biowarfare or chemical attacks.
 * COVID19 TIMELINE via Facebook
 * Fact check: Coronavirus originated in China, not elsewhere, researchers and studies say - Matthew Brown, USA Today, March 16, 2020
 * Fact check: Could your December cough actually have been coronavirus? Experts say more research is needed - USA Today, April 3, 2020
 * U.S. doctor with 'flu' in Jan tests positive for COVID-19 antibody - Pan Zhaoyi, CGTN, April 5, 2020
 * New study investigates California's possible herd immunity to COVID-19 - KSBW, April 7, 2020 (archive for EU, SFGate)
 * ''The hypothesis that COVID-19 first started spreading in California in the fall of 2019 is one explanation for the state's lower than expected case numbers.
 * The Hunt for Patient Zero - Godfree Roberts, Unz Review, April 10, 2020
 * Belleville mayor has coronavirus antibodies, believes he had COVID-19 months ago - northjersey.com, May 1, 2020 (More: 1, 2)
 * The Search Is On for America’s Earliest Coronavirus Deaths - Wall Street Journal, May 4, 2020 (archive)
 * ''Medical investigators are looking for evidence that Covid-19 killed people as far back as November
 * Months before Florida leaders had any clue, coronavirus was creeping through the state - Miami Herald, May 5, 2020
 * The American Genie – Engineering a Catastrophe - David MacIlwain, American Herald Tribune, May 15, 2020
 * COVID-19 may have been in LA before CHRISTMAS, study suggests - Daily Mail Online, September 10, 2020
 * Was Covid-19 spreading freely worldwide BEFORE last Christmas? The evidence keeps stacking up - RT, September 11, 2020
 * United States: Covid-19 and 4,000+ Extra "Influenza/Pneumonia" Deaths - Adam Larson, September 19, 2020
 * testing of U.S. blood donations to identify SARS-CoV-2-reactive antibodies: December 2019-January 2020 - Sridhar V Basavaraju & al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, November 30, 2020
 * Likely in U.S. in Mid-December 2019, CDC Scientists Report - Betsy McKay, Wall Street Journal, December 1, 2020
 * COVID-19 Un-Explained - Larry Romanoff, Unz Review, December 14, 2020
 * ''COVID-19 was circulating in the US since June or July of 2019, far earlier than admitted, and that the CDC’s prevention (and forbidding) of testing was to bury this evidence.
 * Fort Detrick Coronavirus Conspiracy 2021 UPDATE - Nathan Rich, January 20, 2021 (video)

France

 * SARS-COV-2 was already spreading in France in late December 2019 - A Deslandes & al., International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, May 3, 2020
 * French scientists discover nation treated coronavirus patient in December - The Hill, May 4, 2020
 * ''The earlier date means it is likely the coronavirus had been spreading around the globe for weeks or months before it was identified by Chinese scientists in the cluster of abnormal pneumonia cases in Wuhan.
 * France had Covid-19 in November, hospital says after analysis of chest scans - Holly Chik, SCMP, May 8, 2020
 * First case of Covid-19 dates back to November - Gaël Arellano, RTL Today May 8, 2020
 * Coronavirus: French doctors find man who may be Europe’s ‘patient zero’ - NBC News, May 9, 2020

Italy?

 * ''There was a cluster of pneumonia in Piacenza in December 2019. Piacenza is only 10 km from Codogno, the birthplace of the Italian pandemic. A phylogenetic analysis of the Italian SARS-COV-2 shows it is closely related to the Wuhan strain, so the two events cannot be directly related.


 * First aid: over 40 cases of pneumonia in the last week -  Libertà, December 30, 2019 (in Italian)
 * ''From 22 December to yesterday (29 December) as many as 35 patients have been hospitalized in the Piacenza hospital for pneumonia. Another 9 patients were able to return home because they did not need to do oxygen therapy.
 * Coronavirus, the prediction of prof. Giuseppe Remuzzi (Mario Negri Institute): "We need ... - La7 Attualità, March 18, 2020 (video)
 * ''Professor Ramuzzi (at 4:19) It is very true. Do you know what happened? Certain family doctors, who have the best on the ground information, at least the most attentive ones, have told me recently that they were seeing truly grave cases of pneumonia, which we had never seen before. These pneumonia cases had nothing to do with typical flu pneumonia, they were interstitial pneumonias, they had to do CT, radiography, [to diagnose it], and this was happening in October, November, December. So this virus has been around a long time.
 * Italian expert: special pneumonia symptoms exist in October in Italy - CGTN, March 23, 2020
 * Coronavirus: ‘strange pneumonia’ seen in Lombardy in November, leading Italian doctor says - SCMP, March 22, 2020
 * Italy’s earliest coronavirus strains did not arrive from China, study suggests - Stephen Chen, SCMP, July 22, 2020
 * Unexpected detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the prepandemic period in Italy - Giovanni Apolone & al., Tumori Journal, November 11, 2020
 * Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in an Oropharyngeal Swab Specimen, Milan, Italy, Early December 2019 - Antonella Amendola & al., Emerging Infectious Diseases, December 8, 2020
 * Coronavirus: Italian scientists find perfect match of Wuhan strain in sample taken from boy - Stephen Chen, SCMP, December 11, 2020

UK?

 * Fundamental principles of epidemic spread highlight the immediate need for large-scale serological surveys to assess the stage of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic - José Lourenço & al., March 2020
 * Coronavirus may have infected half of UK population — Oxford study - FT, March 24, 2020
 * Coronavirus UK: Half population could be infected, says expert - Daily Mail Online,
 * ''The new model from Oxford University suggests the virus was circulating in the UK by mid-January, around two weeks before the first reported case and a month before the first reported death.
 * ''This means it could have had enough time to have spread widely, with many Britons acquiring immunity. Sunetra Gupta, a professor of theoretical epidemiology who led the study, said testing was needed to assess the theory. ‘We need immediately to begin large-scale serological surveys – antibody testing – to assess what stage of the epidemic we are in now,’ she said.
 * See also Is SARS CoV 2 more widespread than thought?

Waste water

 * Coronavirus was already in Italy by December, waste water study finds - BBC, June 19, 2020
 * Italy sewage study suggests COVID-19 was there in December 2019 - Kate Kelland, Reuters, June 19, 2020
 * Samples taken in October and November 2019 tested negative.
 * Sentinel surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater anticipates the occurrence of COVID-19 cases - Gemma Chavarria-Miró & al., June 13, 2020 (preprint)
 * COVID-19 sample from months before 1st outbreak in Wuhan, found in Barcelona wastewater - Daily Sabah, June 26, 2020
 * The finding of this study has been called into question e.g. (here), (Twitter thread). It contradicts the analysis of sequenced virus genomes which say that the virus jumped onto humans only in November 2019. There is only one sample in the study that shows partial virus debris and it is not even specific for SARS-CoV-2.


 * SARS-CoV-2 in human sewage in Santa Catalina, Brazil, November 2019 - Gislaine Fongaro & al., June 29, 2020 (preprint)
 * SARS-CoV-2 circulating in Brazil back in November 2019 - Liji Thomas, News Medical, July 1, 2020

Relationship to vaping illness?

 * ''Note: There is no proper way to diagnose "vaping disease". The diagnosis is made by excluding all other causes. In Wuhan all these cases would have been diagnosed as COVID-19, even without a test for coronavirus RNA.


 * Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia. Causes, Diagnosis, and Management - Federica De Giacomi & al., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, December 1, 2017 (Wikipedia)
 * 2019–20 vaping lung illness outbreak - Wikipedia
 * ''An outbreak of severe vaping-associated lung illness starting in 2019[2] is ongoing among users of vaping products,[3] almost exclusively in the United States.[4] The first cases were identified in Illinois and Wisconsin in April 2019; as of January 21, 2020, a total of 2,711 hospitalized cases, including 60 deaths have been confirmed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.[3] Cases peaked in September 2019, and have been slowly declining since.
 * Vaping-associated pulmonary injury - Wikipedia
 * ''Symptoms can initially mimic common pulmonary diagnoses like pneumonia, but individuals typically do not respond to antibiotic therapy.
 * Vaping Illness Tracker: 2,602. Cases and 59 Deaths. - The New York Times
 * British vapers are safe, claim health experts after deaths in US - September 7, 2019
 * Mysterious vaping-related lung illnesses are spreading across the US. Doctors say these are the symptoms to watch out for - Insider, September 19, 2020
 * Guide to the Mysterious “Vaping Illness” That Captivated Our Attention in 2019 - allure, November 30, 2019
 * Five myths and misconceptions about the nation's 2019 vaping illness crisis - USA Today, December 28, 2019
 * People are still dying from mysterious vaping illness, even as outbreak slows - CNBC, January 6, 2020
 * The Coronavirus CONSPIRACY - Did COVID-19 Come from America? - Nathan Rich, March 16, 2020 (video)
 * Doctors say vaping could make coronavirus worse for young people - New York Post, March 21, 2020
 * Is There Actually a Link Between Vaping and COVID-19? - TIME, March 23, 2020
 * A.I. Suggests US Vaping Illness Case From Last Summer Was Actually COVID-19 - Randy Robinson, Mary Jane, April 10, 2020
 * Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on May 8, 2020 - Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America

Breakdown of healthcare system

 * 'That's when all hell broke loose': Coronavirus patients start to overwhelm US hospitals - CNN, March 25, 2020
 * "About real coronavirus situation in London, by Olga Solouhina, said to reside in London.
 * Highly negative; possibly Russian totalitarian propaganda; mentions "the most expensive medical insurance" paid for 20 years (?). Makes comparisons of accessibility of health care in London and Moscow, with Moscow faring better. Claims of lack of care are (somewhat) biased as there is indeed no by-the book treatment anywhere and effects of anything else are uncertain, Perhaps more supportive care in Moscow, but unclear whether it is so in provincial Russia. Included for completeness and research purposes; details need verification.

Ecuador

 * Ecuadorians protest bodies of COVID-19 victims being left in the streets - Andrea Lobo, WSWS, April 4, 2020
 * Bodies in the Streets: IMF Imposed Measures Have Left Ecuador Unable to Cope with Coronavirus - Alan Macleod, Mint Press, April 13, 2019
 * Cites estimate of 7,600 deaths and 106,000 infected in Guayas.


 * Coronavirus map and data Guayaquil - Guayas (last updated April 11) - En Quayaquil,
 * Estimates casualty rates at at least three times more than official figures. Automatic translation: ..the increase is due to the inability of the public health system to provide care, since all these vulnerable people and groups are not being able to be cared for in their habitual and daily emergencies (hypertensive patients, diabetics, cardiac patients, asthmatics, immunosuppressed, older people with common flu, etc, etc, etc) thus causing a dramatic increase in the number of daily deaths in Guayaquil.etc)


 * Ecuador’s Death Toll During Outbreak Is Among the Worst in the World - The New York Times, April 23, 2020 (archive)
 * Muertos por encima en Quayaquil - Juan Jose Illingworth, Desde mi trinchera, April 23, 2020
 * Calculates that for the period March 21 - April 22 there were 6,866 excess deaths in Quayaquil. The weighted adjustment for the Guayas region is 10,140

See also Bolivia
 * GUAYAS LIDERA EN FALLECIDOS PERO SANTA ELENA ES LA NUEVA ZONA CALIENTE MANABÍ LE SIGUE - Juan Jose Illingworth, May 5, 2020
 * COVID-19 INFORME-NACIONAL 21 DE MARZO AL 25 DE JULIO 2020 - Juan Jose Illingworth, Union Federal de Pueblos Ecuadorianos, July 29, 2020
 * En Guayaquil se dará Ivermectina, un antiparasitario aún en estudio, como tratamiento contra el covid-19 - El Comercio, January 2, 2021

Brazil

 * Brazil airlifts emergency oxygen to Manaus amid COVID surge - Al Jazeera, January 15, 2021
 * Inquiry needed into govts’ Covid-19 failures - Noam Chomsky, VJ Prashad, AsiaTimes, January 22, 2021 (Via Globetrotter)

DNA(CP)R

 * COVID-19 guidance on DNACPR and verification of death - rcn.org.uk
 * N.J. hospitals consider do-not-resuscitate orders for coronavirus patients to protect doctors, nurses - NJ.com, April 13, 2020

Preparation

 * Bat Coronaviruses in China - Yi Fan & al., Viruses, March 2019
 * A world at risk: Annual report on global preparedness for health emergencies - Global Preparedness Monitoring Board, September 2019 (PDF)
 * ''A rapidly spreading pandemic due to a lethal respiratory pathogen (whether naturally emergent or accidentally or deliberately released) poses additional preparedness requirements.
 * 201 Pandemic Exercise: Highlights Reel - Center for Health Security, November 4, 2019 (video)
 * The Next Pandemic Is Out There. Is the Private Sector Ready? - Freethink, November 8, 2019
 * Authorities are training to combat biohazards at the Helsinki-Vantaa Airport on Wednesday, 11 December - Lentoposti, December 10, 2019 (in Finnish)
 * Customs: Co-operation between authorities in Helsinki-Vantaa coincidentally at the same time as the Isis families' repatriation debate - Kainuun Sanomat, December 11, 2019 (in Finnish)
 * These plushies do not ‘commemorate’ the 2019 Novel coronavirus strain - PolitiFact, February 3, 2020
 * EVENT 201: COVID-19 Was Launched One Month After The Johns Hopkins Center And Bill Gates Hosted An Invitation Only Global Pandemic Exercise - Now The End Begins, March 16, 2020
 * The Show Must Go On. Event 201: The 2019 Fictional Pandemic Exercise (World Economic Forum, Gates Foundation et al.) - Cory Morningstar, Wrong Kind of Green, March 19, 2020
 * Before Virus Outbreak, a Cascade of Warnings Went Unheeded - The New York Times, March 19, 2020
 * Exclusive: Inside the military's top secret plan if coronavirus cripples the government - Newsweek, March 18, 2020
 * The Staggering Collapse Of U.S. Intelligence On The Coronavirus - Scott Ritter, The American Conservative, March 24, 2020
 * Why Was It So Hard to Raise the Alarm on the Coronavirus? - David Wallace-Wells, New York Mag, March 26, 2020
 * South Korea's emergency exercise in December facilitated coronavirus testing, containment - Reuters, March 30, 2020
 * Urban Outbreak 2019 Pandemic Response: Select Research & Game Findings - U.S. Naval War College , April 1, 2020
 * The Naval War College Ran a Pandemic War Game in 2019. The Conclusions Were Eerie - Military.com, April 1, 2020
 * Exclusive: The Military Knew Years Ago That a Coronavirus Was Coming - The Nation, April 1, 2020
 * ''The plan states: “Competition for, and scarcity of resources will include…non-pharmaceutical MCM [Medical Countermeasures] (e.g., ventilators, devices, personal protective equipment such as face masks and gloves), medical equipment, and logistical support. This will have a significant impact on the availability of the global workforce.”
 * Report: Pentagon Knew Of Possible Coronavirus Threat For Years - NPR, April 5, 2020
 * Litmus Test: Being Aware of Probability of Pandemic, US & Europe Did Little to Prepare for It - Prof - Sputnik, April 18, 2020
 * Miscalculation at Every Level Left U.S. Unequipped to Fight Coronavirus - WSJ, April 29, 2020
 * Is It Time to Launch an Investigation Into the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for Possible ‘Crimes Against Humanity’? - Robert Bridge, Strategic Culture, April 30, 2020

Wuhan virus laboratory

 * See also US bioweapons programme#Gain of function research


 * Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens - David Cyranovski, Nature, February 22, 2017
 * The Real Umbrella Corp: Wuhan Ultra Biohazard Lab Was Studying "The World's Most Dangerous Pathogens" - ZeroHedge, January 24, 2020
 * Gertz: Wuhan Virus Linked To China Bio Weapons - Newsmax, January 25, 2020
 * Coronavirus Bioweapon – How China Stole Coronavirus From Canada And Weaponized It - GreatGameIndia, January 26, 2020 (mirror)
 * Is This The Man Behind The Global Coronavirus Pandemic? - ZeroHedge, January 29, 2020
 * Wuhan Coronavirus, Jeffrey Epstein, and Harvard University - Ascetic_Ideal, Reddit, January 29, 2020
 * Coronavirus Exposed, Part 1: Communist Coverup, or Pandemic Bioweapon of Mass Destruction? - Adrian Bond, Blazing Press, January 30, 2020 (original)
 * Logistical and Technical Exploration into the Origins of the Wuhan Strain of Coronavirus (COVID-19) - Harvard to the Big House, January 31, 2020
 * Sen. Cotton Shreds China's Official Virus Story, Hints at 'Super Laboratory' - Jared Harris, The Western Journal, February 1, 2020
 * Dr. Francis Boyle Creator Of BioWeapons Act Says Coronavirus Is Biological Warfare Weapon - GreatGameIndia, February 3, 2020 (mirror)
 * A virus called Wuhan-400 causes outbreak … in a Dean Koontz thriller from 1981. How is it that some books appear to prophesy events? - Kate Whitehead, SCMP, February 13, 2020
 * The possible origins of 2019-nCoV coronavirus - Botao Xiao & al., February 2020 (deleted preprint, PDF)
 * Smoking Gun? Chinese Scientist Finds "Killer Coronavirus Probably Originated From A Laboratory In Wuhan" - ZeroHedge, February 15, 2020
 * Full transcript of “smoking gun” bombshell interview: Prof. Francis Boyle exposes the bioweapons origins of the CoVid-19 coronavirus - Natural News, February 20, 2020 (video)
 * ''Worse than that because all this work, this biological weapons work involving the Wuhan virology, was approved and funded by the National Institutes of Health.
 * Don’t buy China’s story: The coronavirus may have leaked from a lab - Steven W. Mosher, New York Post, February 22, 2020
 * ''Steven W. Mosher is the President of the Population Research Institute and the author of “Bully of Asia: Why China’s ‘Dream’ is the New Threat to World Order.”
 * in the trolls: Canada braces for an online disinformation assault on COVID-19 - CBC, March 14, 2020
 * The coronavirus did not escape from a lab. Here's how we know. - Life Science, March 21, 2020
 * I Found The Source of the Coronavirus - laowhy86, April 1, 2020 (video)
 * Did coronavirus leak from research lab in Wuhan? Startling theory is 'no longer being discounted' - Daily Mail Online, April 5, 2020
 * Wuhan lab virus leak ‘no longer discounted’: Cobra - Asia Times, April 6, 2020
 * ''The member of Cobra, which receives classified briefings from the security services, said: “There is a credible alternative view [to the zoonotic theory] based on the nature of the virus. Perhaps it is no coincidence that there is that laboratory in Wuhan. It is not discounted.”
 * Evidence mounts COVID-19 came from a lab in Wuhan - Sky News Australia, April 6, 2020 (video)
 * State Department cables warned of safety issues at Wuhan lab studying bat coronaviruses - Josh Rogin, The Washington Post, April 14, 2020 (archive)
 * Evidence SARS-CoV-2 Emerged From a Biological Laboratory in Wuhan, China - (anonymous), April 16, 2020.
 * Why US outsourced bat virus research to Wuhan - Christina Lin, Asia Times, April 22, 2020
 * Why these scientists still doubt the coronavirus leaked from a Chinese lab - Eliza Barclay, Vox, April 23, 2020
 * Wuhan laboratory scientists 'did absolutely crazy things' to alter coronavirus - Daily Mail Online, April 23, 2020,
 * How China’s ‘Bat Woman’ Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus - Jane Qiu Scientific American, April 27, 2020
 * Wuhan lab 'most likely' coronavirus source, U.S. government analysis finds - Washington Times, April 28, 2020
 * Dr. Fauci Backed Controversial Wuhan Lab with Millions of U.S. Dollars for Risky Coronavirus Research - Newsweek, April 28, 2020
 * Newsweek Bombshell: Covid-19 Virus Lab-Made? Fauci Connected? - Peak Prosperity, May 2, 2020 (video)
 * Disingenuous Newsweek headline smears Anthony Fauci for fun (and right-wing clicks) - Mark Sumner, Daily Kos, May 02, 2020
 * Why The U.S. Government Stopped Funding A Research Project On Bats And Coronaviruses - NPR, April 29, 2020
 * Says ‘Enormous Evidence’ Connects Virus to Wuhan Lab - Steve Geimann, Bloomberg, May 3, 2020,
 * Mike Pompeo: 'enormous evidence' coronavirus came from Chinese lab - The Guardian, May 3, 2020 (video)
 * Report says cellphone data suggests October shutdown at Wuhan lab, but experts are skeptical - NBC News, May 9, 2020
 * MACE-E-PAI-COVID-19-ANALYSIS (PDF)
 * Busted: Pentagon Contractors’ Report on ‘Wuhan Lab’ Origins of Virus Is Bogus - Daily Beast, May. 18, 2020
 * Wuhan and US scientists used undetectable methods of genetic engineering on bat coronaviruses - Jonathan Matthews and Claire Robinson, GM Watch, May 20, 2020
 * Chinese and US scientists genetically engineered bat coronaviruses in dangerous gain-of-function research stretching back years - Claire Robinson, GM Watch, May 26, 2020
 * Lab escape theory of SARS-CoV-2 origin gaining scientific support - Claire Robinson, GM Watch, May 28, 2020
 * Exclusive: Coronavirus began 'as an accident' in Chinese lab, says former MI6 boss - Bill Gardner, The Telegraph, June 3, 2020 (reader)
 * Ex-MI6 Chief Claims COVID-19 Started as ‘Accident’ at Chinese Lab - Sputnik, June 4, 2020
 * Why are the lab escape denialists telling such brazen lies? - Jonathan Matthews, GM Watch, June 17, 2020
 * Scientists from the Wuhan virus lab have 'defected' to the West, reveals Steve Bannon - Daily Mail Online, July 11, 2020
 * COVID-19—Reckless ‘Gain-of-Function’ Experiments Lie at the Root of the Pandemic - Organic Consumers Association, July 23, 2020
 * Norwegian Virologist Claims Coronavirus 'Stems From a Lab', Was Spread 'By Accident' - Sputnik, December 16, 2020
 * WHO investigation descends into farce in rush to rule out a lab leak - Jonathan Matthews, GMWatch, February 10, 2021

Bioweapon?

 * ''See also US bioweapons program


 * Binary Virus Conjectures - broward, January 26, 2020
 * Was the 2020 Wuhan Coronavirus an engineered biological attack on China by America for geopolitical advantage? - Metallicman, January 27, 2020
 * Bats, Gene Editing and Bioweapons: Recent DARPA Experiments Raise Concerns Amid Coronavirus Outbreak - Whitney Webb, Unz Review, January 30, 2020
 * Coronavirus looks as if tailor-made to achieve US objectives: Scholar - PressTV, January 31, 2020
 * Satire: Buried hazardous containers found buried in evacuated US consulate in Wuhan: China demands explanation - Panorama, February 1, 2020 (in Russian)
 * 'Weaponised Hysteria': Can US Use Coronavirus Outbreak to Its Advantage in Trade Talks With China? - Tim Korso, Sputnik, February 2, 2020
 * Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is biological warfare to decouple the US-China economies as a prelude to US attacking China in a fighting war - Anon., February 5,2020 (mirror)
 * China – Western China Bashing – vs. Western Bio-warfare? - Peter Koenig, New Eastern Outlook, February 7, 2020
 * Coronavirus: Russian media hint at US conspiracy - BBC News, February 7, 2020
 * Some in Russia Think the Coronavirus Is a U.S. Biological Weapon - Mark Episkopos, National Interest, February 7, 2020
 * Cuban State Media Suggests Coronavirus Is U.S. 'Bioterrorism' - Breitbart, February 11, 2020
 * Coronavirus A Bioweapon? White House Investigates, As Military Sets Up Quarantine Sites Across U.S. - Spiro Skouras, Activist Post, February 14, 2020 (video)
 * Nearly 10K Military Personnel From 110 Nations In Wuhan China Weeks Before Coronavirus Outbreak! - Spiro Skouras, Activist Post, February 15, 2020 (video)
 * New Coronavirus: An Examination of the Facts - Larry Romanoff, LewRockwell.com, February 17, 2020
 * China’s Coronavirus. “We Cannot Rule Out Man Made Origin of these Infections” - A Russian Appraisal - Larry Romanoff and Igor Nikulin, Global Research, February 17, 2020
 * No Weapon Left Behind: The American Hybrid War on China - Pepe Escobar, Strategic Culture, February 21, 2020
 * Bioweapons Expert Speaks Out About Novel Coronavirus - Joseph Mercola, March 8, 2020
 * Comment by "OldMicrobiologist" - The Saker blog, March 12, 2020
 * US biological warfare against China could lead to World War III - Kevin Barrett, PressTV, March 13, 2020
 * Was Coronavirus a Biowarfare Attack Against China? - "Old Microbiologist", Unz Review, March 14, 2020
 * Looking at the Military Aspects of Biological Warfare - The Saker, Unz Review, March 14, 2020
 * Biowarfare Experts On Coronavirus (COVID19) - Valuetainment, March 20, 2020
 * Is COVID-19 an American bioweapon? - United World International, March 22, 2020
 * Coronavirus in the laboratory, the Rai service of 2015: "A supervirus created from bats and mice" - Rai3, March 25, 2020 (First broadcast September 2015)
 * Marine Le Pen Says It’s Reasonable to Question If COVID-19 Was 'Lab-Produced' - Sputnik, March 30, 2020
 * COVID-19 Pandemic: Its Origin, Implications and Treatments - Peter K. Law, Open Journal of Regenerative Medicine, April 21, 2020
 * Officials probe the threat of a coronavirus bioweapon - Politico, April 23, 2020
 * ''The Pentagon and the intelligence community are more forcefully investigating the possibility that adversaries could use the novel coronavirus as a bioweapon... Officials emphasized that the change does not mean they believe the virus was purposefully created to be weaponized—the intelligence community is still investigating the virus’ potential origins, but there is currently no hard intelligence or scientific evidence to support the theory that it spread from a lab in China.
 * Coronavirus originated in China but was 'not manmade or genetically modified' - U.S. spy agency - Reuters, April 30, 2020

Infowar

 * China spent the crucial first days of the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak arresting people who posted about it online and threatening journalists - Ashley Collman, Business Insider, January 24, 2020
 * Bioweapons, secret labs, and the CIA: pro-Kremlin actors blame the U.S. for coronavirus outbreak - DFRLab, January 30, 2020
 * Zerohedge Suspended On Twitter - Zerohedge, February 2, 2020
 * Quick retraction of a faulty coronavirus paper was a good moment for science -  STAT, February 3, 2020
 * Petition For WHO Director General To Resign Reaches Over 210,000 Signatures - ZeroHedge, February 3, 2020
 * Clear racist element to hysteria over new coronavirus – Slavoj Zizek - RT, February 3, 2020
 * SACRIFICIAL CITY? Chinese Authorities Go Door to Door, Dragging People Away to MANDATORY Quarantine Camps - Daisy Luther, IWB, February 8, 2020
 * NYT is waging information warfare by politicizing the coronavirus - Andrew Korybko, CGTN, February 9, 2020
 * Coronavirus: US says Russia behind disinformation campaign - The Guardian, February 22, 2020
 * Coronavirus Outbreak 5 to 10 Times Worse Than China Admits: Study - Epoch Times, February 24, 2020 (preprint)
 * North Korea's first confirmed Coronavirus COVID 19 patient shot dead: report - International Business Times, February 27, 2020
 * China's coronavirus recovery is 'all fake,' whistleblowers and residents claim - Kathryn Krawczyk, The Week, March 6, 2020
 * Coronavirus: Fake news unit will tackle Russian conspiracy theories - Business Insider, March 9, 2020
 * ''The UK government has created a special unit designed to combat Russian disinformation about the novel coronavirus after the US accused Moscow of spreading a series of conspiracy theories seeking to blame the West for the virus. White House officials have accused Russia of creating thousands of fake Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram accounts to spread conspiracy theories that the US was somehow the originator of the virus. Posts included claims that the virus was a bid by the US to "wage economic war on China," that it was a bioweapon engineered by the CIA, and that it was fostered "to push anti-China messages." The campaign was first spotted in mid-January, with several thousand accounts — many of which were previously tied to Russian activities — posting "near-identical" messages about coronavirus.
 * Russia deploying coronavirus disinformation to sow panic in West, EU document says - Reuters, March 18, 2020
 * EU says pro-Kremlin media trying to sow 'panic and fear' with coronavirus disinformation - CNN, March 18, 2020
 * Russian media ‘spreading Covid-19 disinformation’ - The Guardian, March 18, 2020
 * We Are in This Crisis Because of the Decisions of the Chinese Government - Jim Geraghty, National Review, March 16, 2020
 * This virus should be forever linked to the regime that facilitated its spread - Marc A. Thiessen, Washington Post, March 17, 2020
 * COVID-19: All Truth Has Three Stages - Larry Romanoff, Global Research, March 19, 2020
 * It’s time to practice social and economic distancing from China - Washington Post, March 19, 2020
 * Scientists from Taiwan informed the WHO as early as 31 Dec about the human to human transmission of the #chineseVirus from Wuhan but not only did WHO suppress this info, it continued peddling the lie that it doesn’t spread from human to human. - News Insider, March 27, 2020
 * Virulent Rhetoric: Chinese State Claims of US Biological Warfare from the Korean War to COVID-19 - Ricardo Barrios, Center for Advanced China Research, April 1, 2020
 * Doctor ‘disappears’ after raising alarm about coronavirus in Wuhan - Metro UK, April 1, 2020 (more)
 * The blame game: the origins of Covid-19 and the anatomy of a fake news story - Robert Boxwell, SCMP, April 4, 2020 (Politico)
 * SPECIAL REPORT: China's deadly coronavirus cover-up - Sky News Australia, April 5, 2020 (video)
 * Tim Pool Claims USA Trying to KILL Him - Nathan Rich, April 6, 2020 (video)
 * Report: Wuhan Funeral Homes Burned Coronavirus Victims Alive - Breitbart, April 7, 2020 (video)
 * Blame China For Your Government’s COVID-19 Failures - Davide Mastracci, Passage, April 7, 2020
 * Programming Alert: Exclusive Documentary on Origin of the CCP Virus Premieres - Joshua Philipp, The Epoch Times, April 7, 2020 (video)
 * Anti-China Hysteria Is Ultimately Not About Covid-19, Racism Or Communism, But Power - Caitlin Johnstone, April 8, 2020
 * Beijing tightens grip over coronavirus research, amid US-China row on virus origin - CNN, April 12, 2020
 * Igor Panarin: “Operation COVID-19 is a game to overthrow Putin, Trump and Xi Jinping” - Business Gazeta, April 12, 2020 (in Russian, Finnish summary)
 * China didn’t warn public of likely pandemic for 6 key days - The Associated Press, April 15, 2020
 * Facebook’s ‘fact checkers’ are the real fake news after censoring Post story - New York Post, April 17, 2020
 * Ambassador says coronavirus imported to China, points to genetic sequence as proof - TASS, April 17, 2020
 * American Pravda: Our Coronavirus Catastrophe as Biowarfare Blowback? - Ron Unz, Unz Review April 21, 2020
 * The AngloZionists Are Launching a Strategic PSYOP Against China - The Saker, Unz Review April 22, 2020
 * US and UK propagandists put their Chinese rivals to shame - Alex, SCMP, April 22, 2020
 * UK government REMOVES China from its official coronavirus death toll comparison amid global outrage at Beijing's 'cover-up' and disbelief that the country has only had 4,636 deaths - Daily Mail Online, April 25, 2020
 * UK Removes China From Official COVID-19 Statistics Over Wonky Death Toll - ZeroHedge, April 27, 2020
 * A Message from Larry Romanoff - A Change of Venue - Moon of Shanghai, May 5, 2020
 * China refutes 24 'lies' by U.S. politicians over coronavirus - Reuters, May 10, 2020
 * How Huxley’s X-Club Created Nature Magazine and Sabotaged Science for 150 Years - Matthew Ehret, Strategic Culture, May 13, 2020
 * Covid-19: For Western mainstream media, Russia fails even when it succeeds - Anna Belkina, RT, May 14,2020
 * How a false hydroxychloroquine narrative was created, and more - Meryl Nass, Anthrax Vaccine, June 27, 2020
 * China’s Global Lockdown Propaganda Campaign - Michael P. Senger, Tablet Magazine, September 15, 2020
 * Coronavirus: Theory that Chinese propaganda encouraged Western nations to lock down - Frank Chung, news.com.au, September 27, 2020
 * The 'Mighty Wurlitzer' - How U.S. Financed 'Human Rights' Organizations Create Anti-Chinese Headlines - Moon of Alabama, December 28, 2020
 * U.S. And Its Five Eye Partners Use 'Persuasion', Sabotage And Disinformation To Gain Vaccine Supremacy - Moon of Alabama, March 15, 2021

Geopolitical implications

 * China Wants to Use the Coronavirus to Take Over the World - Bruno Maçães, National Review, April 3, 2020
 * ''To put it more bluntly: There was always an argument that the existing world order cannot change because only a momentous war has done that in the past and world wars have become impossible. But in pandemics — and soon in climate change — we may have found two functional equivalents of war.
 * The Coronavirus Pandemic Will Forever Alter the World Order - Henry A. Kissinger, Wall Street Journal, April 3, 2020 (mirror)
 * When Plagues Pass, Labor Gets the Upper Hand - John Authers, Bloomberg, April 5, 2020 (Yahoo)
 * Pandemic and the Politics of Survival: The Horizons of a New Type of Dictatorship - Alexander Dugin, Geopolitica.ru, April 5, 2020
 * The coronavirus crisis has sounded the death knell for liberal globalisation - Maurice Glasman, New Statesman, April 12, 2020
 * World War C Looks Likely To Topple The Ivory Tower - Andrew Korybko, OneWorld, April 15, 2020
 * Revolutionary Times and Systemic Collapse – “The System Cannot Handle It” - Alastair Crooke, Strategic Culture, April 20, 2020
 * Coronavirus Crisis: China Isn't Going to Win - Amir Taheri, Gatestone Institute, April 26, 2020 (mirror)
 * Corona May Well Be a China Crisis, but It Will Be One Which the West Pays For - Martin Jay, Strategic Culture, April 29, 2020
 * Covid-19 sharply headbutts U.S. hegemony - Helena Cobban, May 6, 2020
 * Pandemic Shifts Geopolitical Balance From West to East - Strategic Culture, May 15, 2020

Blame China

 * How early signs of the coronavirus were spotted, spread and throttled in China - Caixin Global via The Straits Times, February 28, 2020


 * The Too “Savvy” Coronavirus - Yury Gorodnenko, Stalker Zone, April 4, 2020
 * Coronavirus Compensation? Assessing China’s Potential Culpability and Avenues of Legal Response - The Henry Jackson Society, April 5, 2020
 * China must pay Britain £351bn in coronavirus damages - report calls for UN to step in - Express, April 5, 2020
 * ''An investigation by the Henry Jackson Society has concluded China could have mitigated the worldwide economic impact of COVID-19 and indicated there is evidence the Chinese Government breached international healthcare responsibilities. The British foreign policy think-tank estimates the spread of coronavirus, which has infected more than one million people globally, has cost the G7 group of nations including the UK, US and Japan a huge £3.2 trillion.
 * The US Is Preparing to Default on Debts Owed to China - Stalker Zone, April 17, 2020
 * The New Anti-China Campaign Is Built On Lies - Moon of Alabama, April 18, 2020
 * Is the United States About to Engage in Official State Piracy Against China? Strong Precedent Points to Worrying Trend - A. B. Abrams, The Saker Blog, April 18, 2020
 * MSM China Hysteria Gets Way Crazier And Dumber - Caitlin Johnstone, April 20, 2020
 * US State of Missouri Files Lawsuit Against China for 'Malfeasance, Deception' Amid COVID-19 Pandemic - Sputnik, April 22, 2020
 * Calls rising for China to pay pandemic reparations US politicians seek to hold China accountable for the virus crisis while Beijing resists any independent probe into its actions or response - Richard Javad Heydarian, Asia Times, April 25, 2020
 * U.S. Concocting Intel to Frame China for COVID-19 Crisis - Finian Cunningham, Strategic Culture, April 25, 2020
 * Don’t defend Trump – attack China’: coronavirus strategy revealed in Republican memo - Politico via SCMP, April 25, 2020
 * Officials Are Said to Press Spies to Link Virus and Wuhan Labs - The New York Times, April 30, 2020
 * Blaming China Will Not Restore U.S. Standing - Moon of Alabama, May 1, 2020
 * Global Backlash Builds Against China Over Coronavirus - The New York Times, May 3, 2020
 * US' COVID Psy-Op Against Beijing is One of Five Strategic Battles to Undermine China's Rise – Prof - Sputnik, May 4, 2020
 * Exclusive: Internal Chinese report warns Beijing faces Tiananmen-like global backlash over virus - Reuters, May 4, 2020
 * Lied, People Died: Inside China's Death Labs - Benny Johnson, Turning Point USA, May 4, 2020 (video)
 * Can a Broke America Fight a Cold War With China? - Hal Brands, Bloomberg, May 6, 2020
 * ‘We are at war. Make no mistake’: WH official kicks anti-China rhetoric up a notch - RT, May 11, 2020
 * China-US ties on the brink of a complete breakdown: Roach - Global Times, May 11, 2020
 * How The Trump Administration Inserts 'Blame China' Propaganda Into Main Stream Media - Moon of Alabama, May 13, 2020
 * readies biggest counterattack against US - Global Times, May 15, 2020
 * EU says China behind 'huge wave' of Covid-19 disinformation - Jennifer Rankin, The Guardian, June 10, 2020
 * Weird science: How a 'shoddy' Bannon-backed paper on coronavirus origins made its way to an audience of millions - CNN, October 21, 2020
 * Wuhan files - Leaked documents reveal China's mishandling of the early stages of Covid-19 - CNN, December 1, 2020

Analysis

 * Novel Coronavirus Defies Conspiracy Theories As Data Shows Its Coming Decline - Moon of Alabama, February 1, 2020
 * "Something's Not Right Here Folks"​ | A Look at USA 2009 H1N1 Virus Compared to China 2020 Corona Virus - Mario Cavolo, February 5, 2020
 * Coronavirus fatality rates vary wildly depending on age, gender and medical history — some patients fare much worse than others - Market Watch, February 27, 2020
 * Coronavirus - Its Time To Press Your Government To React Faster - Moon of Alabama, February 29, 2020
 * Forget about mortality rate, this is why you should be worried about coronavirus - Adam Wren, March 1, 2020
 * Here’s what’s coming for America as the coronavirus spreads… city-scale quarantines, overrun hospitals, domestic flight lockdowns and MEDICAL MARTIAL LAW - Mike Adams, Natural News, March 3, 2020
 * Coronavirus: Why You Must Act Now - Tomas Pueyo, March 10, 2020
 * COVID-19: Why America May Be Hit Hard for 3-4 Months & What To Do - Carl Juneau, March 13, 2020
 * Facts about Covid-19 - Swiss Propaganda Research, March 14, 2020 (updated)
 * Coronavirus: The Hammer and the Dance - Tomas Pueyo, March 19, 2020
 * Yuval Noah Harari: the world after coronavirus - Financial Times, March 20, 2020
 * On surveillance technology, etc
 * Five researchers demand: The corona epidemic must be suppressed in Finland now - Asia leads Europe 6-0 in the fight against the epidemic - Suomen Kuvalehti, April 3, 2020 (in Finnish)
 * Public Health, COVID-19 and Recovery - Tim Anderson, American Herald Tribune, April 10, 2020
 * The Only Man Who Has A Clue - Raúl Ilargi Meijer, The Automatic Earth., April 16, 2020 (mirror)
 * Coronavirus: Learning How to Dance - Tomas Pueyo, April 20, 2020
 * Yuval Noah Harari: “The main danger now is not a virus” - Harvard Business Review -Russia, June 1, 2020 (in Russian; Eng. not found).
 * Democracy, totalitarianism, cooperation, etc.
 * What Russia Got Right About the Coronavirus—and What It Can Share With The World | Opinion - Kirill Dmitriev, Newsweek, July 14, 2020
 * COVID-19: Why Laos, Vietnam & China Have Beaten the Virus and India, Brazil and the US Have Not - Vijay Prashad, Consortium News, July 16, 2020

Diagnosed

 * UK PM Boris Johnson (recovered)
 * Russian PM Mikhail Mishustin (announcd April 30, 2020, self-isolating).
 * Donald Trump