The Shabiha: Ghost Stories?

The Shabiha (singular Shabih) are an Alawi (Alawite) militia loyal to the government of president Bashar Al-Assad, who shares their religion (Alawi'ism is an offshoot of Shi'ism). Shabiha is generally translated "thugs," but apparently meant "ghosts" originally. The Shabiha have been blamed, by the opposition, for most or all of the massacres in Syria that started with the armed opposition. There are however doubts that appear case-by-case about the truth of these crimes, as well as doubts about the Shabiha in general - to what extent does this elite killer force even exist?

Please note, this page is only a stub. It suggests only some of what should be here.

History
Daniel Brode wrote for Middle East Online that "the Shabiha trace their roots back to the 1970’s, where they functioned primarily as an Alawite mafia. Operating under the auspices of Rifaat Ali Al Assad, the uncle of the current president, they smuggled contraband, all the while earning a reputation of unrelenting violence." For decades, there seems to be little or no information about them, and then "following the outbreak of the Sunni-led uprising in 2011, the Shabiha took on a different role" that, as we've seen, involves ruthlessly hacking up people of all ages.

Some observers claim that the term wasn't commonly used in western media before late 2011. The dates of creation of the different wikipedia articles might be of interest here. The oldest one is the Arabic one, from late March 2011. The English one is from August 2011, the German one from December 2011. In Farsi and Turkish people haven't heard about the term until early 2012.

Appearance
Middle East Online reported the Shabiha appearance is "defined by their camouflage trousers, white sneakers, and unquestionable willingness to viciously protect the Assad regime." The BBC heard of "heavily-armed men dressed in black." According to some alleged survivors of the Houla massacre, the Shabiha attackers there wore unspecified civilian clothes with white sneakers, joined in Alawite chants, stomped on a koran, specified to their victims where they came from (primarily the tiny town of Al-Fullah), and perhaps had Alawi slogans painted on their foreheads.

The Telegraph spoke to Dr. Mousab Azzawi, operator of the "Syrian Network for Human Rights" (London), who showed them "a video of the Shabiha in action." It shows a sequence of photos of one extremely muscular man, some other men posing with pictures of Assad and Syrian flags, sometimes with toy guns. Inset in the corner is a low resolution video of much skinnier men apparently beating up protesters. They reportedly speak their motto "Bashar, do not be sad: you have men who drink blood."
 * The door to Dr Mousab Azzawi's clinic, on the Mediterranean coast of Syria, was always open to anyone who needed help. But, operating in the heartland of the feared Shabiha militia, there were some patients the doctor would have preferred not to treat. "They were like monsters," said Dr Azzawi, who worked in Latakia. "They had huge muscles, big bellies, big beards. They were all very tall and frightening, and took steroids to pump up their bodies. "I had to talk to them like children, because the Shabiha likes people with low intelligence. But that is what makes them so terrifying – the combination of brute strength and blind allegiance to the regime."

Videos
Alawite men (aka Shabiha) promise resistance to the rebels in Latakia.
 * Syrian Resistance by Latakia's Men: Message to FSA from Syria's Snowy Coast