Maidan snipers


 * For Ukrainian events other than the week of regime change in Kiev, see Category:Ukraine

Although ACLOS is a wiki dedicated to events in Syria, we couldn't help but notice a very familiar pattern in the recent culmination of unrest in the Ukraine. Our research has led some contributors to believe that part of the reasons for escalation in Syria and other places have been snipers of unknown identity shooting at both protesters and police forces. And as also many of the other events examined on this wiki have two sides accusing each other of being responsible for despicable acts of this or the other kind, we couldn't help but take a closer look at the events of February 17th to 20th in Kiev, the capitol of Ukraine. Most of it can be found on the talk page at the moment, but some is already front page material if only to honour the victims.

Victims

 * ''Moved to /Victims

The list of victims includes at least 67 insurgents and civilians and 11 police.

Understanding the Scene
This broad area map shows the relevant locations for the pivotal events of February 20. The hotel Ukraine, generally insurgent-held, seems to be the origin of at least a majority, if not all, of the truly criminal and relentless firing on unarmed protester/insurgents. That occurred, video clarifies, in the red area at the map's center. There's no clear evidence ACLOS has found of peaceful protesters getting shot on the Maidan itself. Until it's settled enough to summarize here in full, evolving details on the area can be found in the talk page section Mapping the Events. Alleged shooting directions are mapped and considered in the sub-section Talk:Ukraine 2014.

Weapons
Some weapons pictured here This includes "Fort -500", a pump action smooth-bore shotgun of 12/76 mm caliber with manual reloading (listed on sale, Wikipedia, video), and catapults launching projectiles from a metal pipe with the help of a pyrotechnic charge.
 * What they fight with on Euromaidan: the most amazing means of defense and attack (PHOTO), pda.donbass.uapda.donbass.ua and Forbes.ru, January 23, 2014.

Regime Change

 * From Crimea documentary-Putin interview- Opening part, interview at 8:00.
 * 20 February 2014, 18:40 (Moscow) Yanukovich-Putin phone call; 23:30 (Moscow) Merkel, Cameron calls (extreme concern expressed; Russia's human rights representative Lukin goes to Kiev).


 * 21.2. 2014 Yanukovich goes to Khrarkov. Rada appoints Turchinov, de-facto deposes Yanukovich. Yanukovich makes a video appeal from Kharkov that he does not plan to resign. Goes to Donetsk
 * Michael McFaul interview. Q: "Recently, Lavrov told his version - when they agreed, Putin called Obama and said, "So we pressed on him, they signed, now you have to put pressure on the opposition." In his logic, he imagined that someone could put pressure on the Maidan, although it was no longer possible. Yanukovych ran away at night . Lavrov said that "offended the president, that no one called back from Washington, and even did not say that they had tried to convince, but were not able to." At this point, it was sealed, and he had decided to take the Crimea".
 * A: "I agree, it was probably the moment when he decided to start this operation, and this is extremely important. Because many say he dreamed of this for a long time".
 * 22 February 2014, 01:45 (Moscow). Obama-Putin phone call


 * 22-23. 2. 2014 Yanukovich goes from Donetsk to Crimea. Russia intercepts communications suggesting that Yanukovih will be ambushed, possibly killed. Yanukovich informed. While in contact with him, a rescue mission is ordered; choppers and commandos extract Yanukovich cortege from a beach-side location. Yanukovich still goes to Crimea for a few days, than leaves to Russia.
 * 23 February 2014, 18:20 (Moscow) Merkel-Putin phone call. (Olympic games congratulations and Ukraine) (23 February is the Soviet/Russian Army day).


 * 8 Months in Ukraine 1/5 Chris Nolan

Preparations?

 * Tsarev speaking at Rada, November 2013 (noted, attempted obstruction to deliver his speech) (video, coverage).
 * Tsarev at Arria format meeting, UN, 2 June 2021 (video, Eng with link to Rus. version) ;(text, Rus).
 * ''The US Embassy, ​​within the framework of the TechCamp project, trained revolutionaries capable of organizing protests and actions to overthrow the state regime. The project was overseen by the US Ambassador to Ukraine Jeffrey Pyatt. Classes were conducted by US citizens - Metta Berga and State Department employee Cara Andrade, diplomatic staff - press attachés and deputies of press attachés of the Embassy.
 * ''As examples, American trainers described how social media was used to organize and manage riot in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya. The last TechCamp conference took place on November 14-15, 2013, right on the premises of the US Embassy.
 * ''I received all this information after conducting a kind of special operation: I sent my young party members to the TechCamp classes under the guise of IT specialists.
 * ... Due to the fact that the non-violent protest did not work, after the New Year they switched to the technology of direct violent seizure of power.
 * TechCamp Sept. 2012, Kyiv; TechCamp2.0 Kyiv March 1, 2013; ];TechCamp2.0 Donetsk April 2, 2013. Agenda or info about Nov. 14-15 2013 meeting not found. Possibly related: wiki.techcampglobal.org/.
 * Search also gives this: From: Cheryl Mills To: Hillary Clinton Date: 2012-10-08 22:35 Subject: TECHCAMP KYIV: BUILDING A BRIDGE BETWEEN CIVIL SOCIETY AND TECHNOLOGY (unclassified, published, see here)

Investigations
(forthcoming - see talk page section on Official Sniper Investigations))

International Advisory Panel, Council of Europe
Statement of the International Advisory Panel on the occasion of the first anniversary of the beginning of the Euromaidan crisis on 30 November 2013. The panel, first convened in April, 2014, does not conduct its own investigations, officially. Instead, it reviews investigations of Maidan (and also Odessa) events, still conducted by Ukrainian authorities, to determine if they are up to European Human Rights standards. Whether or not the findings are true is another question that aren't necessarily mandated to address.

The statement explains the panel's composition:
 * The Panel, chaired by Sir Nicolas Bratza, former President of the European Court of Human Rights, is made up of three members, the other two members being Mr. Volodymyr Butkevych, a former judge of the European Court of Human Rights, and Mr. Oleg Anpilogov, a former prosecutor of Ukraine.

The statement also explains how they gathered information, not for its own investigation which it doesn't do, but for some sort of reference purposes: soliciting government ministries, and taking an open call for NGOs to submit information. The panel notes a mixed and slow response from the ministries (stemming, they think, from a misunderstanding since resolved), and submissions from Ukrainian Human Rights groups (likely pro-government ones, including "the recently formed ‘Families of Heroes of Heaven’s Hundred’") as well as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. As for their view of the panel's historical role, they seem to acknowledge it is to ease and solidify the transition to a Europe-leaning new order whose moral basis has been built largely on their version of highly contestable crimes they alone are left to investigate:
 * The effective investigation of unlawful killings and serious ill-treatment is all the more crucial when those violent acts constitute a turning point in a State’s history, as they were in the case of the Maidan demonstrations. In such cases, investigations and prosecutions, bringing as they should truth and accountability, constitute an important means of ensuring a solid transition from that episode of violence to the next more positive chapter. This is, indeed a form of transitional justice. ... the International Advisory Panel (hopes to) make a lasting contribution to restoring public confidence and to bringing closure to both these unhappy chapters in Ukraine’s history.

The 100+ pages report of the panel, released on March 31, 2015, concludes that no significant progress has been made in the investigations and criticizes mostly Avakov's Ministry of the Interior, but also the security service, of an attitude that "has been unco-operative and, in certain respects, obstructive".

Ukrainian investigations
On October 12, homes of three members of "Freedom" party  were searched on suspicion of their involvement in the shooting of  "heavenly hundred" during the coup in Ukraine in the winter of 2013-2014.

This was announced on Twitter by  "Freedom" deputy in Kievan Rada Alexander Aronets, who published a Kiev Pechersk district court warrant to search the homes of his colleagues.

The document says that during the pre-trial investigation a video emerged in which we see an open window in room 1132 on the 11th floor of the hotel "Ukraine", from which shots were fired at civilians and law enforcement officers on the Independence and Institutska the street.

It was found that Pankevich Oleg Igorevich (Freedom party) stayed in the room number 1131 during this period "- according to the court order. Rusvesna, 12.10.2015.


 * Right-wing/nationalist Freedom party ('Svoboda') is led by Tiagnibok.

Feb 5, 2016. SBU reported to Poroshenko that they finally found weapons from which the heroes of Maidan were killed. 23 weapons were found, which were damaged mechanically, ID numbers sawed-off. After an examination, SBU identified 12 weapons. Gritsak said: "with high probability, those were fragments of 22 Kalashnikov  (sub-machine) guns, one Kalashnikov (full) machine gun, and in addition one barrel, a twelve-gauge hunting shotgun"

July 23, 2016. Ukrainian Attorney General Lutsenko: the person who lead 'the black hundred' (meaning snipers) out of Kiev and drowned weapons in a lake, was with us on Maidan -112.ua, text and video (Russ. and Ukr.) (He keeps saying that 'according to our version' it was done on orders of Zakharchenko).

In late November 2017, the official investigations have been put on halt due to legal obstacles. They were to be transferred by the Prosecutor General’s Office to the State Investigation Bureau, alas lawmakers have failed to create such a bureau in time.

Yanukovich testimony

 * Yanukovych interview. Second try. Online broadcast -Watefall
 * 6:59, 28 November, 2016
 * Yanukovych said that the shooting at the Maidan was a planned as a special operation aimed at overthrowing the government in Ukraine.
 * 8:10, 28 November, 2016
 * I did not give any instructions to shoot anyone, - Yanukovych
 * Rusvesna text report, in Russian; and Ukrainian with Russian translation, Russia 24 (shaky translation though)
 * 14:56 Yanukovych: Shooting on the Maidan was a planned special operation aimed at overthrowing the government in the country (I think he said false pseudo-operation, which was rationally (?) planned and executed; up to terminology it's possibly the same).
 * 14:51 Yanukovych: Ultra-right organisations sponsored by oligarchs were  involved in the murder of  "Maidan" activists and  law enforcement officials, with the purpose to overthrow the government.
 * 14:49: Yanukovich: I have collected three volumes of evidence about the events on the Maidan, is preparing the fourth


 * Ukrainian 112.ua, and English version, had the same online webcast quotations initially, but now report on press conference after the court testimony and some assorted background; testimony itself is hard to find there, but it gives a link to Watefal, above, someplace.


 * See also: Ukraine news archive, November 28, 2016
 * --Resup (talk) 03:42, 5 January 2017 (UTC)

Research paper
The author of the study Dr. Ivan Katchanovski (School of political science and the faculty of media of the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada). The work was first presented at the meeting of the seminar group for the study of Ukraine at the University of Ottawa October 1, 2014
 * Latest:
 * The “Snipers’ Massacre” on the Maidan in Ukraine - Paper prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of American Political Science Association in San Francisco, September 3-6, 2015
 * Earlier versions
 * The “Snipers’ Massacre” on the Maidan in Ukraine – Ivan Katchanovski, October 1, 2014 - Paper presented at the Chair of Ukrainian Studies Seminar at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa.
 * The “Snipers’ Massacre” on the Maidan in Ukraine (revised and updated version), by Ivan Katchanovski, Ph.D, Feb 20, 2015 (PDF on academia.edu)
 * Reviews
 * Pro-West Snipers Murdered Kiev Demonstrators in False Flag: Canadian Academic Analysis – Ivan Katchanovski, Oct 31
 * "Massacre on the Maidan": the case of the Kiev snipers: Canadian-Ukrainian historian exposes the original animal lies Kiev junta Nakanune.ru (in Russian) November 11, 2014
 * Study Proves Maidan Snipers Were Western-Backed Opposition’s False Flag - Sputnik, January 3, 2016
 * Ridus, 6 July 2016. Follow-up article quotes Katchanovskii saying that ballistic expertise showed that one victim, Victor Chmilenko, was killed by 30−06 „Springfield“ bullet, old US military version presently used in hunting and sport gear and not used by Berkut and other government entities, from that and the video concludes that he was shot from hotel Ukraina controlled by Maidan. (Video of killing and earlier article links included; ballistic expertise link and article source cannot be easily found).

Other

 * Media Silent on Striking Revelations in the Kiev Sniper Massacre Trial in Ukraine - Russia Insider, 23 July 2015 (originally on Facebook)
 * Right Sector Members Admit Killing Police on Maidan Square - Media Not Interested - Ivan Katchanovski, July 13, 2015
 * New video evidence of sniper killings of police and protesters by rightists at Maidan Square on Feb 20, 2014 - Ivan Katchanovski, August 20-23, 2015
 * The Buried Maidan Massacre and Its Misrepresentation by the West - Ivan Katchanovski, Consortium News, April 22, 2019

Others
There's at least one decent photo-based study by a guy named Vorontsov, and other sources currently listed on the discussion page.

Video

 * Maidan Massacre Master ENG – Sep 23, 2014
 * 52 minute English language documentary on the Maidan Massacre. Berkut officers interviewed. Analysis of snipers.
 * Carnage on Institutskaya Street on February 20, 2014 Maidan, Kiev, Ukraine – ZFront Kharkov UA, Jul 8, 2014
 * The 42:10 minute video with timestamps
 * Kiev 'Sniper' fires from Ukraine hotel BBC News – Sep 6, 2014
 * New HD compilation of BBC footage of the Hotel Ukraine snipers
 * Maidan The truth behind the February 20 massacre Part 1
 * Translated from Майдан, который не покажут в новостях. Часть1 – Genia L., Feb 23, 2014
 * Over 80 Witness Testimonies Concerning Snipers in Maidan-Controlled Buildings and Areas (2019) - Ivan Katchanovski, December 5, 2019
 * The "Snipers' Massacre" on the Maidan in Ukraine (2021) - Ivan Katchanovski, August 8, 2021 (YouTube)

Photos

 * Kiev Truce Shattered, Dozens Killed - The Atlantic, Feb 20, 2014

Khodakovskii
tvrain interview. He was a commander of Alpha battalion in the  Donetsk region, and deployed on Maidan (currently commander of Vostok battalion, DPR, and DPR security chief). He with his group was at Trade Union building (he says 'that building), entering from the top and moving downstairs. Another group was supposed to move from ground level but was unable to. His group moved in with a motto 'we burn but we do not shoot back.' Battle order, man with a shield, followed by 1 or 2 men with pump gun; everybody else behind  role was to extinguish  fire; had weapons but were not using them. They found a door on the 7 floor locked, and some people on that floor trying to start a fire. They broke some glass, threw in some noise-producing police grenades, but were not able to fully open the door or to extinguish fire. Fire extinguishers were too small for the job; they made a water line from 8 floor but pressure was too low for firefighting. They noticed the fire on the 6 floor as well. Concluded there is no point to try moving down. Eventually, discovered that protesters brought in --as he say--corpses of pro-Maidan supporters killed elsewhere on Maidan. He says that there radio conversations were all recorded, but not made public. But recordings reporting fire starting on 2 floor (as he believes, fake reports), were published. Khodakovskii makes a point that there was more freedom/democracy before Maidan, and that current regime is build on lies. Tvrain is the only Russian channel broadcast to Ukraine, that was his reason to stop by for a 1 hour conversation on a broad range of topics. Believes that DPR/LPR will live in peace with Ukrainian people---but he is strongly opposed/strongly critical of the current regime in Kiev.

The fire was initially blamed on Right Sector (in Yanukovich regime days). Than Alpha was blamed for this fire. (Alpha is SBU anti-terrorist special operations unit)

Moskal

 * Gives names of organizers of Maidan dispersal operation
 * Геннадій МОСКАЛЬ: "Водночас снайпери отримали від влади вказівку розстрілювати не тільки протестантів, а й міліціонерів", by Vasil Vauiko, zn.ua, 3 March, 2014, reposted on moskal.in.ua, said to be "official site of Gennady Moskal", still posting things as of 14 December, 2017
 * Інформацію про спецоперації мені надали патріотично налаштовані високопоставлені офіцери з МВС, і я повідомив про них (вказавши напрямки, звідки починатиметься зачистка) ще 27 січня. Новина розійшлася по багатьох ЗМІ, однак у таборі мітингувальників до неї поставилися скептично — мовляв, Москаль розповсюджує всякі страшилки. (Moskal tells that he gave a warning on planned special operation on 27 January, 2014, but it was not taken seriously)
 * (describing Hvila (Volna, the Wave special operation): Водночас снайпери отримали вказівку розстрілювати не тільки протестантів, а й міліціонерів (At the same time, snipers were ordered to shoot not only the protesters but also policemen.) --He blames Yanukovich officials though.

Berezovskii Dossier?
Claim: back in 2012, Berezovskii had a Ukrainian dossier, predicting some/many/most of subsequent events in Ukraine....Komsomolskaia Pravda, 8.4.15-- Quoting his security man as a source.

2015

 * The untold story of the Maidan massacre - Gabriel Gatehouse, BBC News, 12 February 2015
 * In the case of the shooting of "Heavenly Hundred " new helpers found, in the service of the junta(Vitalii Samusenko). Yurii Sobolta (Юрий Соболта ) is a man shown on most smaller photos in the article, some in company of the current regime figures. He had served in an elite special police unit Bars . On 18 of February, 2014, he drove away on a  HONDA АА4774СО, which was stopped by Maidan crowd for a check  at  № 24/7 Institutskaia Street. A sniper rifle in the trunk of that car was discovered. Another, unknown masked person, drove the car prior to it being stopped. Crowd searched the car and discovers the rifle; than suddenly Sergei Pashinskii, said to be one of pro-Maidan leaders, emerged, to make sure that the car is released. The masked  man initially driving the Honda walks away; and Yurii Sobolta takes over, with the sniper rifle still in the car. Gun is said to be Norinco_CQ A, a 5.56×45mm patron carbine. Sharii had a story about all this awhile ago. Apparently it was investigated; Russian wikipedia says gun was tested;  but nothing came out of it.

2016

 * Ivan Bubenchik. A report attributes to him a confession of killing two Berkut commanders, using Kalashnikov, prior to other casualties. However, he disputes the report, says there is not a word about killing in his video.
 * Oleg Tsarev on Maidan events: the last day when something could have been changed, Feb. 20, 2016
 * REPORT: The Real Ukrainian “Snipers’ Massacre”, 20 February 2014 - Gordon M. Hahn, March 9, 2016

2017

 * see also: Talk:Maidan_snipers/Suspects


 * La versione dei cecchini sulla strage di Kiev: «Ordini dall'opposizione» - Gian Micalessin, il Giornale, November 15, 2017
 * Video: Esclusivo: Guerra in Ucraina, le verità nascoste
 * Translation: Maidan Massacre Bombshell - via Ivan Katchanovski on Facebook, November 16, 2017
 * ''Georgian snipers, who previously served in Saakashvili security, reportedly confess to massacring along with Lithuanian snipers both police and protesters on the Maidan in a new Italian documentary film.
 * The Maidan Massacre: US Army Orders: Sow Chaos - Christopher Black, New Eastern Outlook, December 15, 2017
 * ''The massacre at Maidan, therefore, is revealed to be a carefully planned military operation organised in detail, with teams of snipers brought in from various NATO allied countries, unknown to each other, but organised on arrival, given orders and assignments and each sniper team being assigned spotters to help in their deadly work. This is the tactic military sniper teams use so it has to be assumed that each of the sniper teams was controlled by the same people as the team the Italians talked to, that is by American soldiers trained in these techniques and who themselves operate in teams. This operation therefore had to be planned and organised on a high level by the American forces and allied NATO governments.

2018
Ukrainian journalist/media resource owner Dmitry Gordon, 112.ua (video), 25 Jan. 2018, essentially blames current elites for Maidan, but manages to present them as Russian agents of influence: ...''you know, this is really terrible...It is terrible who invented Maidan, it is terrible how it was invented, it is terrible how people were shot, it is terrible how territory was lost, it is terrible how they behaved after that and continue to do so....Presenter: it is terrible that when you start to ask questions, they accuse of zrada, provocation, and so on...Gordon: (explains that it cannot be hidden forever especially with modern info technology)...People are testifying in court, Parubiy, he cannot refuse to answer the questions...Anatoliy Vladimirovich Mogilev...Yanukovich bodyguards...Yatseniuk...they all tell stories ... and the puzzle start to get assembled (solved)...and the puzzle is terrible... this is global treason of interests of Ukraine, which was done by old Russian agents of influence, who were here and continue to stay here in all bodies of power ...they are governing us as before...those who know all this, they start drinking''

Also here and elsewhere, ''Absolutely all the data is there. Who fired, and where did they shoot, and who killed whom ... When everyone will know about this (and this is inevitable, since all the secret becomes clear), people will cry'', ... (Noted: overall Gordon is a tricky journo hedging his bets; he has fair amount of anti-Putin, anti-Russia/Donbass, anti opposition block talking too, and he is not talking straight on any of those subjects)--Resup (talk) 05:20, 26 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Few more Gordon bits and still not all the way on audio here. Focuses on transgressions of Yanukovich, and mutes off when it comes to heavenly hundred story. Tells that he was himself a Maidan regular, for reasons of conviction, but moneys were involved to keep Maidan standing; mutes off whose money while hinting on the role of 'old guard' from Yanukovich side, unhappy with younger arrivals brought by his influential son, given undue powers.

--Resup (talk) 11:12, 26 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Alexander Semchenko (pro-Donass ex-military journalist) covers testimony of Yanukovich bodyguards. Main items, (1) Yanukovich was in Ukraine (or Crimea, considered part of) till 22 February, 2014 and did not left Ukraine as claimed as grounds for removing him from power (2) While still in Ukraine, he was treated in ways not appropriate for an acting president, including a gunshot hitting a car with one of the body guards (he describes where bullet hit, glass + somehow a gun inside a car); attempt by Turchinov, at the time nominally just an MP, to order, via Ukrainian air traffic control, to return his helicopter to Kharkov (while in flight to Donetsk); border guards preventing his departure from Donetsk on board of Falcon planes
 * Parubiy and Mogilev testify in a court on Yanukovich treason - Ukrainskaya Pravda, 25 January, 2018
 * ''One night a man came to me, who introduced himself that he was one of the soldiers of the sabotage group. He said that they have a task to destabilize the situation in Kiev, including snipers among them.
 * Denies/not confirms more knowledge or his own role
 * How and why the U.S. Government Perpetrated the 2014 Coup in Ukraine - Eric Zuesse, Strategic Culture, June 3, 2018

2020

 * Ukraine – Did Soros financed the fabrication of cases on Maidan murders? - Donbass Insider, translated from TASS, January 27, 2020

Trade Union building fire, Kiev, 18 Feb. 2014

 * Operation "Boomerang": who will be responsible for directing the sweep of the Maidan -vlada.io, 19 Nov. 2015
 * According to investigators, Alexander Schegolev, head of the Office of the SBU in Kiev and the region, commanded an "anti-terrorist operation" on the Maidan on February 18-20, and ordered the start of  in-force/armed operation "Boomerang". Subsequently, fire occurred in the Trade Union building in Kiev, and 2 people perished. According to investigators,  documents about the operation were destroyed right after the tragic events.
 * Ex-commander of Alfa: House of Trade Unions in Kiev was set on fire by protesters- Rosbalt.ru, Apr. 11, 2014
 * ''Ex-head of Alfa confirmed that on February 18, 238 special forces of the Security Service got on the roof of the Trade Union House through the Khreshchatyk Hotel. However, according to his version, the House of Trade Unions was set on fire by the protesters themselves, and the spetsnaz officers tried to extinguish the fire with the help of fire extinguishers and hoses.
 * Alexander Khodakovskiy: they shoot, but not on Maidan defenders
 * Khodakovskiy took part in the 'Alpha' operation in the Trade Union building. He confirms the version that Alpha was trying to prevent casualties, fire, did not not use firearms. He claims that nobody died as a result of their Trade Union building operation, and blames Maidan for those deaths (claiming that those people were among those detained and mistreated by Maidan activists). He tells that the commander of the joint security forces group taking part in Trade Union building operation was Alexander Ustimenko, who was promoted by Poroshenko and appointed head of 'Alpha' SBU group.

Participants

 * Sergey Nigoyan, killed on Grushevskaya St. on 22 Jan. 2014. Family earlier escaped Nagornyi Karabakh to move to Kiev. Funeral
 * Sharii claim: killed from a close range by a buckshot; quotes 1+1 presenter Solomiya Vitvitskaya (unrelated here) saying that there is a video and witnesses (but nobody else apparently saw it)
 * A video appears to show buckshot wounds. Censor.net article and prosecutor on video confirm too. Two other early deaths described as (apparently) from close range (while police was some 30 m away), but with 'bullets used by police to stop vehicles'
 * One of Maidan poster girls Yulia Marushevskaya appeals to the world, in English. Made head of Odessa customs by Saakashvilli in Oct. 2015. Stepped down in Nov. 2016 when Saak quits from the governor post. Investigated for corruption herself, Dec. 2016.