Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham

The Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (Arabic: الدولة الاسلامية في العراق والشام‎ ad-Dawla al-Islāmiyya fi al-'Irāq wa-sh-Shām) abbreviated as ISIS or sometimes ISIL with L for "Levant" (acronym in Arabic: داعش‎, Da'āsh) is an al-Qaeda linked group fighting in both Syria and Iraq and pushing for a unified Islamist state spanning both nations. ISIS joins previous al-Qaeda affiliate Jabhat al-Nusra as representatives of the Abu Musab al-Zarqawi tradition in the region, but in a more confrontational and extreme way that more often leads them to attack fellow opposition fighters as well as government, Kurdish, and other forces.

The group is infamous for their slick media productions in print and video aimed in Western languages at a Western audience.

On June 29, 2014, weeks after it conquered large parts of north-western Iraq including Mosul, the organization issued a declaration changing their name to "Islamic State", pronouncing the real life existence of that state in tradition of the caliphate and declaring their leader al-Bagdhadi from now on to be Caliph Ibrahim whom all Muslims must swear allegiance to. Some Islamist groups in Africa and elsewhere have since accepted the "Caliph" while others denied his legitimacy.

Some of the adventures that followed are covered in other articles found in the category about the group.

Split with al-Qaeda and Nusra Front

 * On al Baghdadi's disobedience of Dr Zawahiri - Shami Witness, June 15, 2013
 * ''In Raqqah, JN and ISIS can be considered one and the same.In Deir ez Zor and Hasakah too, that’s the apparent case. But in Aleppo, it’s clear that JN and ISIS are two distinct entities now, issuing statements using separate names, but clearly co-operating with each other. We haven’t seen presence of ISIS in Idlib yet, but lots of presence of quite militarily successful JN units. In Lattakia, we have seen at least one suicide bombing carried out in name of ISIS; the status of who is who in Lattakia is unclear.
 * ''About Hama and Homs(specially in the iconic Battle of Qusayr), so far it seems JN and ISIS labels and banners are being used interchangeably, and so are the claims of responsibility.
 * '' Damascus ISIS carried out at least one suicide bombing in Harasta, though my general understanding is here also JN and ISIS names are used interchangeably. For eg. the attack on the Shia international brigade Liwa Abu Fadl al Abbas was carried out in the name of ISIS.
 * ''Deraa is a special case. Long home to a quite cohesive Jordanian jihadi-trained JN unit, they remained separate from the disputes. Jihadis in South are firmly JN.

Ideology

 * On the Origin of the ‘Name’ DAESH, Pieter Van Ostaeyen, Feb 19, 2014
 * Is ISIL really 'Sunni'? Not at all, Kevin Barrett, Jun 17, 2014
 * Profiling the Islamic State, Paper by Charles Lister for Brookings Institution Doha Center, Qatar, December 1, 2014
 * What ISIS Really Wants, Graeme Wood, The Atlantic, February 15, 2015
 * The ISIS Study Group is a bunch of retired US military people aiming to "help educate the American people on the threat posed by ISIS"
 * Dabiq, a town in Syria about 40 km northeast of Aleppo, is featured in an end-of-the world hadith  (Book 41, 6924). Also a glossy online recruitment magazine ((wikipedia).
 * "See you in Dabiq" video: New ISIS Video Shows Armageddon Battle With the West, 'end of the world' video showing final battle with 'crusaders', Dec 11, 2015.

Timeline

 * (2003) How Disbanding the Iraqi Army Fueled ISIS, Time, May 28, 2015
 * ''The Bush Administration tapped Paul Bremer to head the so-called Coalition Provisional Authority on May 11, 2003. Twelve days later, he issued an order wiping away the Iraqi military, with a pledge to build a new one from scratch, untainted by any ties to Saddam’s regime.


 * (2004) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi said to be arrested and later released as a low threat, according to Pentagon, - NY Times, Aug. 10, 2014. (An alternative version is also mentined by the NY Times).
 * (2006) Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan and Iraq: Exposing a Concept in Crisis, by Mark Sedra
 * ''In November 2006, trained and equipped Ministry of Defence forces numbered 134,700. (Brookings Institution 2006:25). The goal of the MNSTC-I is to reach a troop threshold of 137,000 by the end of 2006, a target which appeared clearly in reach. However, these figures belie serious problems that confront the process. For instance, the numbers of soldiers trained and equipped does not convey their readiness to engage in military operations. The MNSTCI uses a four-point classification scheme to determine unit readiness, with Level 1 ascribed to fully capable soldiers and Level 4 assigned to ‘incapable units’ (Fallows 2005:61). By December 2005, only 50 out of the 102 battalions formed were in the 1-3 range, with most of those falling into levels 2 and 3 (Cordesman 2006:ii).


 * 12 Oct. 2006. Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) is founded, Umar (Omar) Al-Baghdadi becomes its emir (killed in 2010).
 * 16 May 2010, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was appointed the new leader of the ISI
 * August 12, 2012: Released on 18 May 2015 under FOA, Judical Watch v DOD, "information report, not finally evaluated intelligence", dated Aug. 2012
 * ''“If the situation unravels, there is the possibility of establishing a declared or undeclared Salafist principality in eastern Syria… and this is exactly what the supporting powers to the opposition want, in order to isolate the Syrian regime.”


 * (2013) CIA ramping up covert training program for moderate Syrian rebels, Washington Post, by Greg Miller, October 2, 2013.
 * ''the CIA program is so minuscule that it is expected to produce only a few hundred trained fighters each month even after it is enlarged...The agency has trained fewer than 1,000 rebel fighters this year, current and former U.S. officials said...the agency has sent additional paramilitary teams to secret bases in Jordan in recent weeks in a push to double the number of rebel fighters getting CIA instruction and weapons before being sent back to Syria.


 * August, 2013: ISIS involved with JaN, Ahrar al-Sham and others in capture of Menagh Air Base (Levant Report), Latakia offensive and massacres (Monitor blog), establishes their capitol in Raqqah.
 * late 2013-early 2014: Nusra-IS split. Jihadi ideologue Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi called upon Muslims to reject the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and urged its members to leave the group and join the al-Qaeda-affiliated al-Nusra Front.
 * 21 Jan., 2014. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi announces plans to 'march on Bagdad', warns Americans on direct confrontation:
 * ''Our last message is to the Americans. Soon we will be in direct confrontation, and the sons of Islam have prepared for such a day. So watch, for we are with you, watching

Fighters Profile
'The Caliphate’s Global Workforce', West Point, April 2016 (stats on available records- 37 pages).

Actions

 * Jihadist rebels in full control of northern Iraq province, Al Akhbar, Jun 10, 2014
 * Islamic State's Homs offensive endangers Syria's energy supply, As Safir translated by Al Monitor, July 23, 2014
 * ISIS consolidates, Patrick Cockburn, London Review of Books, August 1, 2014
 * Iraqi forces take back Tikrit from ISIS, official says, CNN, 31.3.15
 * IS militants 'enter Yarmouk refugee camp' in Syrian capital, BBC, 1.4.15
 * The Fate of 23 Hostages in Syria, NY Times, Oct. 25, 2014
 * The Middle East Wars: Islamic State SITREP - John Rambo, The Saker, November 11, 2015
 * A video, Addressed to the UK government...Rusvesna/Mail Online, Jan 3, 2016, as appeared.

Life under ISIS

 * At the edge of hell: The mad world of the borderlands between ISIL and Turkey, Daniil Turovsky, November 4, 2015
 * Daesh Militias Surf Internet Using European Satellite Communications System - Sputnik, December 4, 2015
 * Life under Isis in Raqqa and Mosul: 'We're living in a giant prison', The Guardian, December 9, 2015
 * ISIS Prepares Saboteurs For Terrorism In Russia, KP.ru translated by Ollie Richardson, December 21, 2015 - Investigation in Dagestan about Wahhabis going to Syria - some for the "good life" - and returning
 * Eyewitness Accounts from Recent Defectors from Islamic State: Why They Joined, What They Saw, Why They Quit, Anne Speckhard and Ahmet S. Yayla, Perspectives on Terrorism Vol 9, 2015

Life after return ?

 * About 50 residents of Chechnya returned after joining IS, Kadyrov said, RIA (google translated), Nov. 21, 2015.
 * It was announced that the program to return such people to Chechnya was later discontinued, RIA (google translated), Nov 28, 2015.